安全专业英语复习

[1] Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.

由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。

[3] While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after World War II

尽管这些专业平段在20世纪已经发展得较为成熟，也具有一定的广 泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展

[4] This legislation Was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards This, in tur, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safely, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways. process plants and buildings.

这部法律很重要，因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的此立法，将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险物料管理以及机动车辆、高速公路、加工和房屋的安全设计等方面。

[5] As a result, the safety profession has respect from other established professions such a engineering, medicine and law (all of which had

traditionally been involved in hazard control, but had no special training in it).

因此安全专业受到了其他发展已经较为成熟的工程、医药及法律这样的专业的仰幕，这些专业的人们过去经常沙及危险控制问题，但是很缺乏专业化的训练。

[6] Safety professionals apply principles drawn from such disciplines as engineering, education, psychology, physiology, enforcement, hygiene, health, physics, and management. They use appropriate methods and techniques of loss prevention and loss control. \"Safety science\" is a twenty-first century term for everything that goes into the prevention of accidents, illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people, property and the environment.

安全专业人员综合运用工程学、教育学、心理学、生理学、法律法规、卫生，健康、物理以及管理等学科的基本原理，选择适当的方法和技术进行损失预防和控制。作为21世纪术请，“安全科学”泛指对事故、疾病、火灾、爆炸以及切危及人们生命、 财产和环境的事件的预防。

[7] illness caused by exposing people to harmful biological, physical and chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of their impact are hard to make.

暴露于有害生物。物理的或化学起因物所造成的疾病，其产生的损失则更是惊人，其负面影响已无法精确估算。

[8] Ergonomics helps people understand the performance limits of humans and helps them design tasks, machines, work stations and facilities which improve performance and safety.

人机工程学有助于人们理解人类自身的局限性，从而致力设计能够有效提高安全性和绩效的作业任务、设备、设施以及工作站。

[9] From the careful design and operation of nuclear power generating stations to the elimination of lead-based paints in homes, the efforts to reduce threats to public safety go on nonstop.

从核电站的精心设计和运行到家居无铅涂料，人们致力于降低对公众威胁的努力从未停止。

[10] The application of safety science principles occurs in many places: in the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and hospitals, at construction sites, on oil drilling rigs at sea, in underground mines, in the busiest cities, in the space program, on farms, and anywhere else where people may be exposed to hazards.

安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、实验室、学校、医院、建筑工地、海上石油钻井、地下开采、都市、太空探索、农场等得到了广泛的应用。 [11] To be called professionals, they must acquire the essential knowledge of safety science through education and experience so that others can rely on their judgments and recommendations.

之所以称为专业人士，是因为他们必须通过教育和经验掌握基本的安全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖他们的判断和建议。 [12] Regardless of the industry, safety professionals help to achieve safety in the workplace by identifying and analyzing hazards which potentially create injury and illness problems, developing and applying hazard controls, communicating safety and health information, measuring the effectiveness of controls, and performing follow-up evaluations to measure continuing improvement in programs.

在各行各业，安全专业人员通过识别和分析可能导致伤害和疾病的危险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制方案实施有效性、评估持续改进项目等一系列工作以保障工作场所的安全。

[13] Emergency Response: organizing, training and coordinating skilled employees with regard to auditory and visual communications pertaining to emergencies fires, accidents or other disasters.

应急响应:组织、培训和协调受训员工应对火灾、事故或其他灾害等突发事件的听觉和视觉交流。

[14] Managing Safety Programs: planning, organizing, budgeting, and tracking completion and effectiveness of activities intended to achieve safety objectives in an organization or to implement administrative or technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.

安全管理方案:规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目的完成情况与有效性，以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险。

[15] The satisfaction of knowing that people have been protected because harmful accidents and other incidents have been prevented is just one of the many rewards associated with “what” safety professionals do.\" 当认识到人们因为已经预防了事故或事件而使他们得到保护时，这种满足是所谓的“安全专业人士”得到的诸多奖励之一” unit 2

1 Safety and health professionals who work in industrial settings

concentrate primarily on ensuring compliance with, at the very least, the minimum safety and health standards promulgated under the Occupational Safety and Heath Act of1970, as enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

在工业生产中，安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中在确保生产至少符合基于《1970职业安全与健康法案》发布的各项安全与健康标准，这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局》 (OSHA)强制执行。

[2]Although numerous areas are addressed and a minimum level of worker protection is ensured by implementation of these many standards, it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is contained not in the Code of Federal Regulations but in Section S of the Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.

虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低的安全水平，但值得注意的是:真正推动工人安全的主要驱动因素在于《职业安全与健康法案》的第5部分而不在于《联邦法规条例》中所包含的内容。

[3]This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1), simply states that: Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical ham to his employees, and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.

这一因素，即《职业安全与健康法案》第5(a)(1)部分---般责任条款， 简明地阐述如下:每个雇主必须为其雇员提供安全健康的就业和工作环境，使他们免于那些导致或可能造成员工死亡或严重身体伤害的可辨识的危险，并必须遵守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康标准。

[4] In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the regulations that have followed since 1970 and continues to ensure worker safety in the absence of a specific standard for a specific occupational situation.

事实上，一般责任条款已经被1970年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法，它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情况下确保工人的安全。

[5] Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods and techniques associated with the system safety effort are an excellent means of assuring that the intent of the General Duty Clause is met at the earliest possible time in the project or program development process. 对于工人安全同样重要，但表达不太清楚的地方在于有关系统安全的方法和技术是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合般责任条款的极好的手段。

[6] However, as noted earlier, most standards and regulations reflect minimum requirements for safe operations and do not place any additional responsibilities employers to be safer than what is required by these standards.

然而，如前所述，大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，它们并没有提出比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内容。

[7] It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to ensure continued safety in a given situation, it is often necessary to exceed the minimum requirements established by law.

在职业安全领域，众所周知的是:为了确保在给定情况下持续保持安全的状况，超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。

[8] Even though a majority of industrial accidents or incidents have historically been attributed to the unsafe acts or the unsafe conduct of workers, the importance of unsafe physical conditions and equipment can and should not be minimized in any discussion concerning accident risk potential.

虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或不安全地执行，但是不应该在所有关于事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不安全状态最小化。

[9] Injuries and/or property damage caused by mechanical hazards generally have a high potential severity, since they often result in a permanent partial or permanent total disability (e.g. loss of motion or use of a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damages to hearing) and/or extensive damage or loss to essential equipment or facilities.

机械性危险造成的伤害和财产损失一般都具有较高的潜在严重性， 因为它们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能(例如，丧失运动或身体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害)和/或基础设备或设施的巨大破坏或损坏。 [10] Furthermore, many of the so-called unsafe acts that cause such injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advance and safer physical conditions are implemented to control the hazards associated with the level of ascertained risk.

此外，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，并且控制与该风险水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件， 那么，所谓的导致伤害或损害的不安全行为就不会导致事故。

[1I] Therefore, accurate evaluation of applicable occupational and

environmental standards and regulations, as well as an analysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate levels of protection.

因此，对适用的职业和环境标准和法规进行准确评价，以及对具体工作任务进行分析对确定适当的保护水平至关重要。

[12] Since the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system safety disciplines tend to serve each other's best interests, it would not be prudent management practice to ignore the integration of the system safety program with the industrial safety effort.

因为行业安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，所以忽视 系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合是不严谨的管理做法。 [13] Therefore, in order to fully comprehend the relationship between system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the human factors element of task performance.

因此，为了充分理解系统安全和行业安全的关系，还必须了解系统的安全是如何成功地用于任务绩效中的人因分析。

[14] If this basic concept of human- system interface is not properly considered in the design phase, then all the safety incentives and

motivational programs that money can buy will not encourage an individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of effectiveness. 如果在设计阶段没有正确地考虑人与系统交互的基本概念，则所有的安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备。

[15] Also, if personnel are trained to operate inadequately designed equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to very ineffective

operations under emergency or other stress-induced conditions.

此外，如果员工平时在正常操作条件下操作设计不当的设备，那么在紧急情况或其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。

Unit5 Safety Task and Responsibility [4] Leadership is a characteristic that is usually seen as in a supervisor’s work.

领导力是班组长在工.作中常见的必需特质。

[5] The three major factors that influence any design process are time constraints, technical feasibility considerations, and financial and economic considerations.

制约设计流程的主要因素在于时间的、技术可行性的考虑以及财政经济因素的考虑。

[6] An alternate concurrent engineering approach lets the designer conduct safety and reliability analyses as parallel activities, and they can accompany the design throughout the design progression.

有一种可选择的同步工程方法就是让设计者同时执行安全和可靠性分析，这种并行的分析方法应该贯穿整个设计的进程。

[7] The idea of participatory design is based on earlier, mainly Japanese, production development methods like production cells, teamwork, just-in-time, Kanban, and quality-circles.

鼓励参与设计的想法基于日本早期的产品研发理念，如生产单元、团队协作、即时化生产、看板管理以及品质圈活动等。

[8] In Finland, the OHS personnel's work includes the identification and evaluation of work -related health hazards using methods like observations, interviews, and industrial hygiene measurements.

在芬兰，职业健康安全工作人员的工作包括利用观察、访谈以及工业卫生测定的方法辨识和评价与工作相关的健康危险源。

Unit6 Design issues in work related

[1]Surveillance of the rates and risks of occupational injuries are largely dependent on case records derived from workers' compensation and insurance claims and national OHS incident report collections.

对职业伤害率及其风险的监督很大程度上依靠工人赔偿和保险索赔的案例记录以及所收集的因家职业健康安全事故报告。

[2] The fitting of defective components, unauthorized modifications of structures, neglecting to fit barriers or safety structures, and other readily identifiable structural/design faults have been found to significantly contribute to recorded cases of injuries involving scaffolds. 有缺陷部件的装配、擅自改动结构、忽视围栏或安全结构的安装以及其他可识别的结构或设计缺陷已经被视为有关脚手架的可记录伤害案例的重要致因。 [3] In response, a prototype decision aid, incorporating prescribed scaffold regulations and safety management best practices, was developed and is currently being tested to address both of these issues.

为了解决这两个问题，已经建立并正在测试结合了脚手架法规和安全管理最佳做法的辅助决策模式。

[4] Research into the safer design of mobile machinery access paths reveals that designers require more information regarding the actual use of their machines and need to incorporate accident statistics and knowledge of natural human movement behaviors into integrated design methodologies. 有关可移动设备进入路径较为安全的设计研究显示，设计人员需要更多有关他们设备实际使用情况的信息，并需要把事故统计和人员运行行为的知识融入到设计方案中。

Unit8 Workplace electrical safety

[1] The average person can receive critical injuries as a result of even very short exposures to everyday 240-volt single phase alternating current supply voltages

一般说来， 人们接触到日常的240伏单相交流电压，即使暴露时间非常短暂，身体也会受到严重伤害。

[5] Before the connection of a new supply of electricity can be made, it is the employer s responsibility to ensure that a competent person in hazard management has been through the process prior to the supply of electricity to a new installation.

在新的供电连网前，雇主有责任指定名有能力胜任危险管理 工作的人士确保在新安装部分供电前对整个过程进行检查。

[6] Testing of electrical fixed-wiring installations must be carried out in accordance with a hazard identification and risk assessment process that takes into account information provided by the designer or manufacturer. 固定线路电气装置安装的测试必须与危险源辨识和风险评价过程相一致，该过程考虑到设计者或制造者提供的信息。

[7] A competent person can undertake the hazard management process by way of visual checks for mechanical or other damage that does not require work on the electrical installation.

有能力的人士对机械或其他损坏通过视觉检查的方式开展危险管理工作，而这些并不需要在电(安装工程中去实现。 [8] Some of these, while \"safe\" to use, do not always give reliable diagnostic results and can indicate safe conditions that mask potentially serious faults such as neutral a conductor and earth conductor transposition. 当这些器具被“安全”使用时，它们并不总是给出可靠的诊断结果，并有可能预报状况是安全，而其实掩盖了诸如中性线与地线接反了的潜在的严重缺陷。

[10] Records of these regular inspections using the hazard management principles

should be kept to assist in determining their future frequency based on any observed deterioration in the condition of the installation.

采用危险管理原则进行的常规检查记录应当保存，以辅助在安装条件下，根 据观察到的耗损情况来确定它们未来的检查频率。

[12] This can be achieved by consulting the designer or supplier of any electrical plant

being manufactured or purchased, to ensure that the electrical plant has been manufactured and tested according to the relevant Australian Standard Approval and Test Specification.

可以通过向制造或购买的电气设备的设计者和供应商们咨询以确保电气设备是按照相关的澳大利亚标准和检测规范来生产和测试的。

[14] Once again the hazard management principles along with the examination and test requirements of the designer and manufacturer need to be taken into account to determine whether permanent/fixed electrical plant should be tested and maintained.

针对设计者和制造者们有关检测和测试的要求，需要再次根据风险管理原则以确认永久性成固定型电器设备是否需要测试和维修。 Unit9 confined space safety

[1] A confined space is any area that is not intended for human occupancy and that also has the potential for containing a dangerous atmosphere. 受限空间是指任何不适合人员占据且包含有潜在危险气体的区域。

[5] A permit is essentially a document which sets out the work to be done and the precautions to be taken.

许可证本质上是个文件， 该文件列出了需要做的工作和要采取的预防措施。

[6] If it is not practicable to provide a safe oxygen level, or safe level of air contaminant, suitable protective equipment, including air supplied respirators are to be worn, as specified on the entry permit.

如果不能提供一个安全的氧气水平或不能保证空气污染物处于安全水平， 应选择按规定允许进入有限空间时所要求的合适的防护装备，比如佩戴有气源的呼吸器。 [7] Typically, a winch has a mechanical advantage of between2: l and 6: 1, which makes it possible for a worker to be quickly extracted from the confined space should the need arise.

典型地，机械增益在2:1到6: 1之间的绞盘机，可快速地使工人从受限空间提升出来。

[8] It is essential to have an appropriate means of communication between the person working inside a confined space and the person stationed outside, whether by voice, rope tugging, tapping or by a battery-operated communication system specially designed for confined space use. 不管是通过声音、拉绳、敲击，还是专为受限空间使用设计的电池驱动的通信系统，必须在受限空间内工作的人和空间外的人之间建立一个适当的交流方法。