英语修辞

A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing from which it is made. 一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）

Example: lend me your ears (give me your attention).

He saw some new faces in the classroom.

A fleet of ten sails \\ To earn one’s bread \\ To count heads

Many hands provide great strength.

The poor man had twelve mouths to feed.

Lend me your ears. ( give me your attention.)

2 Metonymy（借代）换喻，转喻：

A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “ Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”.

一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿 代替 美 或用 剑 代替 军事力量

Example:bowing to the sceptered isle. (Great Britain)

Young people should have more respect for gray hairs. (old people)

The kettle is boiling. (water in the kettle)

He took to the bottle.他爱上了喝酒。 (wine in the bottle)

I’m reading Lu Xun. ( Lu Xun’s works)

He’s listening to Beethoven. (Beethoven’s works)

He is booked out for the whole season.他这个季演出的票全订出去了 。(the tickets for his concerts)

When she entered high school, she would wear a wardrobe that no one else would be able to match.当她上中学时，她所穿的衣服任何一个人都没法比。

They will resort to the sword if the negotiation does no work.

She is the first violin in the band.她是乐队中的第一小提琴手。

Both are figures of speech used in rhetoric. They’re not the same thing, though metonymy is often interpreted so widely that synecdoche can be regarded as a special case of it.

As for Synecdoche, You use this when you speak of a part of something but mean the whole thing. When Patrick O’Brian has Captain Jack Aubrey tell his first lieutenant（陆军中尉） to “let the hands go to dinner” he’s employing synecdoche, b

3 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：

1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.

这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.

它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 4 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...

德国人的炮和飞机将、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

5

拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。

1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)

一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。

这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。

2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.

我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。

英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。

6、夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。

1、My blood froze.

我的血液都凝固了。

2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst.

当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。

3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone.

从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。

7 叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。

1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.

它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。

2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more

quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.

因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。

八、双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。

Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.

“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。

九、拟声（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。

1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.

在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。

2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or

felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.

她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。

十、讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效 果。

Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.

啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。

店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。

十一、通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。

书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。

十二、头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.