2.
phonology: how speech sounds in a Language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
3. morphology: the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words. 4. syntax: how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences. 5. semantics: meaning in language.
6. pragmatics: meaning in context of use.
1.prescriptive VS descriptive.
①descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.②If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for \"correct and standard\" behavior in using language.
2.langue VS. parole
①langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
②refer to the realization of langue in actual use 3.competence VS performance
①Competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rulers of his language.
②Performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. U2 1. manners of articulation
stops ②fricatives ③affricates ④liquids ⑤glides ⑥nasals 2. places of articulation ①bilabial ②labio-dental ③dental ④alveolar ⑤palatal ⑥
glottal.
U4
定义：Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as “and” or “or”. Such phrases are called coordinate structures and this phenomenon is known as coordination.
四个点：Four important properties of coordination:
1,There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
2,A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3,Coordinated categories must be of the same type.
4,The category type of the coordinated phrase is identical to the category type of elements being joined. U5
The naming theory：Plato：The words used in a language are simply labels of objects they stand for, so words are just names for things.**This theory seems only applicable for nouns，and there are nouns which denote things do not exist.
The conceptualist view: Ogden and Richards: No direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, but they are linked through the mediation of concepts. **The link between symbol and concept remains unclarified.
The contextualism：J.R.Firth：is an attempt to base meaning on context：situational context，linguistic context.
Behaviorism：Bloomfield：He argued the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events represented by The capitalized letters S and R. linked to Psychological interest.
Sense: the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features. It is abstract and de-contextualized.
Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with relationship between linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.
Major sense relations: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. U6
CP: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
Searle: illocutionary point (representatives /directives /commissives /expressives /declarations) The illocutionary point of the speech acts named representatives, also known as assertives, is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. ~of declarations is bring about the corresponce between what is said and reality. U1 7. Phonetics:(the study of)the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the
sounds that occur in the world's languages.
8. phonology: how speech sounds in a Language form patterns and how these sounds are
used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
9. morphology: the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words. 10. syntax: how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences. 11. semantics: meaning in language. 12. pragmatics: meaning in context of use.
1.prescriptive VS descriptive.
①descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.②If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for \"correct and standard\" behavior in using language.
2.langue VS. parole
①langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
②refer to the realization of langue in actual use 3.competence VS performance
①Competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rulers of his language.
②Performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. U2 3. manners of articulation
stops ②fricatives ③affricates ④liquids ⑤glides ⑥nasals 4. places of articulation ①bilabial ②labio-dental ③dental ④alveolar ⑤palatal ⑥
glottal.
U4
定义：Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as “and” or “or”. Such phrases are called coordinate structures and this phenomenon is known as coordination.
四个点：Four important properties of coordination:
1,There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.
2,A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3,Coordinated categories must be of the same type.
4,The category type of the coordinated phrase is identical to the category type of elements being joined. U5
The naming theory：Plato：The words used in a language are simply labels of objects they stand for, so words are just names for things.**This theory seems only applicable for nouns，and there are nouns which denote things do not exist.
The conceptualist view: Ogden and Richards: No direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, but they are linked through the mediation of concepts. **The link between symbol and concept remains unclarified.
The contextualism：J.R.Firth：is an attempt to base meaning on context：situational context，linguistic context.
Behaviorism：Bloomfield：He argued the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events represented by The capitalized letters S and R. linked to Psychological interest.
Sense: the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features. It is abstract and de-contextualized.
Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with relationship between linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.
Major sense relations: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. U6
CP: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
Searle: illocutionary point (representatives /directives /commissives /expressives /declarations) The illocutionary point of the speech acts named representatives, also known as assertives, is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. ~of declarations is bring about the corresponce between what is said and reality.
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