语言学第三章

Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies morpheme systematically and investigates the internal structures and rules of morpheme by which words are formed.

形态学是涉及语素的系统研究，是语言学的一个分支。它研究词的内部构造和构造规则。

Morpheme : the smallest unit in regard to relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,.

从表达和内容之间的关系上看，语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其意义。

Free Morphemes: those that may occur alone,that is,those which may make up words by themselves .

能够出现，也就是能够构词的叫做自由语素。

All Mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

所有的单语素词都是自由语素。

Compounds are those that consist of free morphemes only.

复合词是这些只有自由语素构成的词。

Bound morphemes are those that appear with at least one different morpheme.

黏着语素是这样的语素，它们必须跟至少一个语素其他组合才能出现。

Poly-morphemic words have two types,one is compounds,the other one is bound morphemes.

多语素词分为两类，一类是是复合词，另一类是黏着语素。

Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “

词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再做进一步分析而不破坏其意义。

Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.

词干是指能够附加上曲折词缀的语素或语素组合。

Affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). So affiix is naturally bound.Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes: prefix, suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word.

词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。因此，词缀本身上是黏着的。语言中词缀数量是有限的。根据它们跟词根和词干的相对位置，一般可以把词缀分为三类：前缀，后缀，中缀。

Words can be classified into variable words and invariable wors.

Variable words may have inflective changes,that is ,the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.

可变化词可以进行曲折变化，也就是说同一个词可以变化成不同的语法形式，但其中的一部分保持不变。

InVariable words do not have inflective changes.

非变化词指的是词尾不能发生曲折变化的一类词。

Words can be classified into grammatical words and lexical words.

Grammatical words are those that mainly work for constructing group,phrase,clause,clause complex,or even text.

语法词指的是主要参与词组，小句，符合小句，甚至语篇建构的一类词。

Lexical words are those that mainly work for substance ,action and quality.

词汇词主要用于指代物质，动作和性质的一类词。

Lexical words carry the main content of a language ,so they are also known as content words.

词汇词承担了语言的主要内容，所以又叫做实义词。

Grammatical words sever to link together different content parts, so they are also known as function words.

语法词负责把不同内容的片段连接起来，所以又叫做功能词。

A word that belongs to the closed class is one whose membership is fixd or limited.

封闭词类成员数目固定，数量有限。

The open class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.When new ideas ,inventions or discoveries emerge,new members are continually and constantly added to the lexical system of a language.

开放词类的成员数目基本上是无限的。随着各种新思想、新发明或是新发现的产生，词典中不断地经常地增加新词语。

Inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect, and case; the adding of inflectional affixes will not change he grammatical class of the stems (to which they are attached).

曲折变化指通过附加屈指词缀（如数、人称、有定性、体和格）来表现语法关系；附加词缀并不会改变被附加词的语法类。

Detivations , in its restisted sense ,refers to the process of how new words are formed;is a cover term for the derivation itself and for compound.

派生，在严格意义上讲，指新词形成的过程；指派生本身和复合。