语言学

Ambiguity:

Ambiguity is a term used in writing and math, and under conditions where information can be understood or interpreted in more than one way and is distinct from vagueness, which is a statement about the lack of precision contained or available in the information. Context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another.

Meronymy and Hyponymy:

Meronymy is a semantic relation used in linguistics. A meronym denotes a constituent part of, or a member of something. Meronymy is formally expressed in terms of first-order logic. In knowledge representation languages, meronymy is often expressed as \"part-of\". A meronym means part of a whole. A word denoting a subset of what another word denotes is a hyponym.

In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hypernym. In simpler terms, a hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For example, scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red, which is, in turn, a hyponym of colour.

Hypernymy is the semantic relation in which one word is the hypernym of another. Hypernymy, the relation in which words stand when their extensions stand in the relation of class to subclass, should not be confused with holonymy,

which is the relation in which words stand when the things that they denote stand in the relation of whole to part. A similar warning applies to hyponymy and meronymy.

Polysemy and Homonymy:

Polysemy is the capacity for a sign or signs to have multiple meanings, i.e., a large semantic field.

In linguistics, a homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings, usually as a result of the words having different origins. The state of being a homonym is called homonymy.

In a looser, non-technical sense, the term \"homonym\" can be used to refer to two different kinds of words: words that share the same spelling and words that share the same pronunciation. This means that \"homonym\" can be used to mean a homograph or a homophone.

The difference between homonyms and polysemes is subtle. Lexicographers define polysemes within a single dictionary lemma, numbering different meanings, while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata. Semantic shift can separate a polysemous word into separate homonyms.

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