2016考研英语一答案解析
【篇一：2016年考研英语(一)真题及答案】
s=txt>section i use of english
directions:
read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)
in cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends,those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. a young man can a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying a good family.
the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and prayers of blessing. parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the .newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and
may with them up to a year, they can build a flew house nearby.
divorce is legal and easy to ,but not common .divorced persons are with some disapproval. each spouse retains property he or she into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is equally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice up .the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry the woman must wait the months.
参考答案：bdcacaccdbddbacdbaca
1. [a] by way of [b] as well as [c] on behalf of [d] with regard to 2. [a] adapt to [b] provide for [c]compete with [d] decide on 3. [a] close [b] renew [c]arrange [d] postpone 4. [a] in theory [b] above all [c] in time [d] for example 5. [a] although [b] lest [c] after [d] unless 6. [a] into [b] within [c] from [d] through 7. [a] sine [b] or [c] but [d] so 8. [a] test [b]copy [c]recite [d] create 9. [a] folding [b] piling [c] wrapping [d] tying 10. [a] lighting [b] passing [c] hiding [d] serving 11. [a] meeting [b] association [c] collection [d]union 12. [a] grow [b] part [c] deal [d]live 13. [a] whereas [b] until [c] for [d] if 14. [a] obtain [b] follow [c] challenge [d]avoid 15. [a] isolated [b] persuaded [c] viewed [d] exposed 16. [a]wherever [b] however [c] whenever [d]whatever
17. [a] changed [b] brought [c] shaped [d] pushed 18. [a] divided [b] invested [c] donated [d] withdrawn 19. [a]clears [b] warms [c] shows [d] breaks 20. [a]while [b] so what [c]once [d] in that section ii reading comprehension
参考答案：adbca adcdd acdba dabcd bgdef
part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or
d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
france, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.the parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.
such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. that’s a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.the
bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .
the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.
in contrast to france’s actions, denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. the charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen. fashion week,
which is men by the danish fashion institute .but in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.
relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
21. according to the first paragraph, what would happen in france
[a] physical beauty would be redefined
[b] new runways would be constructed
[c] websites about dieting would thrive
[d] the fashion industry would decline
22. the phrase “impinging on”(line2 para2) is closest in meaning to
[a] heightening the value of
[b] indicating the state of
[c] losing faith in
[d] doing harm to
23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry
[a] the french measures have already failed
[b] new standards are being set in denmark
[c] models are no longer under peer pressure
[d] its inherent problems are getting worse
24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for
[a] setting perfect physical conditions
[b] caring too much about models’ character
[c] showing little concern for health factors
[d] pursuing a high age threshold for models
25. which of the following maybe the best title of the text
[a] a challenge to the fashion industry’s body ideals
[b] a dilemma for the starving models in france
[c] just another round of struggle for beauty
[d] the great threats to the fashion industry
text 2
for the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family. shakespeare and the national health service (nhs) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
a century ago octavia hill launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to
save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. it was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. they don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .it needs constant guardianship.
at the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. the conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,
even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. the concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. labour
likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. the liberal democrats are silent only usensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. its campaign to protect rural england struck terror into many local conservative parties. the sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. the london agents stirlingackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. what is true of london is even truer of the provinces. the idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. the issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, george osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. he favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. this is not a free market but a biased one. rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. they do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. we do not ruin urban conservation areas. why ruin rural ones
development should be planned, not let trip, after the netherlands, britain is europe’s most crowed country. half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. there is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern portugal, spain or ireland. avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
26. britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
[a] is not well reflected in politics
[b] is fully backed by the royal family
[c] didn’t start fill the shakespearean age
[d] has brought much benefit to the nhs
27. according to paragraph 2，the achievements of the national trust are now being
[a] largely overshadowed [b] properly protected [c] effectively reinforced [d] gradually destroyed 28. which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3 [a] labour is under attack for opposing development [b] the conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building
[c] ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation
[d] the liberal democrats are losing political influence
29. the author holds that george osbornes’s preference
[a] shows his disregard for the character of rural area
[b] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis
[c] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure
[d] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas
30. in the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of
[a] the size of population in britain
[b] the enviable urban lifestyle in britain
[c] the town-and-country planning in britain
[d] the political life in today’s britain
text 3
“there is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote milton friedman, a nobel prize-winning economist “that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” but even if you accept friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(csr) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. new research suggests that csr may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
the largest firms in america and britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on csr, according to an estimate by epg, a consulting firm. this could add
value to their businesses in three ways. first, consumers may take csr spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. and third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
previous studies on csr have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. a recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under american’s foreign corrupt practices act（fcpa）.it argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
the study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive csr programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their csr stand, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
in all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in csr. “we estimate that either
【篇二：2016考研英语一真题及答案】
directions:
read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)
though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is 1 a study published from the university of california and yale university in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, has 2 .
the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of uelated
friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both 5 .while 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. the study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. there could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !one of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
the findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population of european extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. the team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
section ii reading comprehension
1、what
2、concluded
3、on
4、compared
5、samples
6、insignificant
7、know
8、resemble
9、also
10、perhaps
11、to
12、drive
13、ratherthan
14、benefits
15、faster
16、understand
17、contributory
18、tendency
19、ethnic
20、see
part a
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text choosing [a], [b], [c] or [d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)
by
原标题：2015年考研英语一真题（完整版）
text 1
king juan carlos of spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. but embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles
the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the france regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.
it is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. and so, the middle east expected, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutist counterparts in the gulf
and asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
es outdated and indefensible
privileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
while europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.
it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived
because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.
21. according to the first two graphs, king juan carlos of spain
[a]eased his relationship with his rivals.
[b]used to enjoy high public support.
[c]was unpopular among european royals.
[d]ended his reign in embarrassment.
22. monarchs are kept as head of state in europe mostly
[a]to give voters more public figures to look up to.
[b]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
[c]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment.
23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4
[a] the role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[b] aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[d] the nobilitys adherence to their privileges.
24. the british royals have most to fear because charles
[a]takes a tough line on political issues.
[b]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
[c]takes republicans as his potential allies.
[d]fails to adapt himself to his future role.
25. which of the following is the best title of the text
[a]carlos, glory and disgrace combined
[b]charles, anxious to succeed to the throne
[c]charles, slow to react to the coming threats
[d]carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs
21.dended his reign in embarrassment.
22. c owing to the undoubted and respectable status
23. a the role of the nobility in modern democracy
24. b fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
25. d carlos, a lesson for all monarchies
text 2
just how much does the constitution protect your digital data the supreme court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
california has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. it is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
the court would be recklessly modest if it followed californias advice. enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
they should start by discarding californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .the court has ruled that police dont violate the fourth amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee
without a warrant. but exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. a smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and
comprehensive records of recent correspondence. the development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
but the justices should not swallow californias argument whole. new, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the constitutions protections. orin kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: the justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the fourth amendment applies to digital information now.
26. the supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
[a] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.
[b] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.
[c] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[d] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. the authors attitude toward californias argument is one of
[a] tolerance.
[b] indifference.
[c] disapproval.
[d] cautiousness.
28. the author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to
[a] getting into ones residence.
[b] handing ones historical records.
[c] scanning ones correspondences.
【篇三：2016考研英语一真题答案解析】
p class=txt>真题及答案（完整版）
（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）
section i use of english
directions:
read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)
in cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. a young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young mans parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.
the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.
divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .the divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he
can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.
1. [a] by way of [b] as well as [c] on behalf of [d] with regard to
2. [a] adapt to [b] provide for [c]compete with [d] decide on
3. [a] close [b] renew [c]arrange [d] postpone
4. [a] in theory [b] above all [c] in time [d] for example
5. [a] although [b] lest [c] after [d] unless
6. [a] into [b] within [c] from [d] through
7. [a] sine [b] or[c] but [d] so
8. [a] test [b]copy [c]recite [d] create
9. [a] folding [b] piling [c] wrapping [d] tying
10. [a] lighting[b] passing [c] hiding[d] serving
11. [a] meeting [b] association [c] collection [d]union
12. [a] grow [b] part [c] deal[d]live
13. [a] whereas [b] until [c] for [d] if
14. [a] obtain [b] follow [c] challenge [d]avoid
15. [a] isolated [b] persuaded [c] viewed [d] exposed
16. [a]wherever [b] however [c] whenever [d]whatever
17. [a] changed [b] brought [c] shaped[d] pushed
18. [a] divided [b] invested [c] donated [d] withdrawn
19. [a]clears [b] warms [c] shows [d] breaks
20. [a]while [b] so what [c]once [d] in that
section ii reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
by
france, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
the parliament also agreed to ban websites that incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.
such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. thats a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
the bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .
the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as
skin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine
and six months in prison.
the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.
in contrast to frances actions, denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take
responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. the charters main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen. fashion week, which is men by the danish fashion
institute .but in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.
relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
21. according to the first paragraph, what would happen in france
[a] physical beauty would be redefined
[b] new runways would be constructed
[c] websites about dieting would thrive
[d] the fashion industry would decline
22. the phrase impinging on(line2 para2) is closest in meaning to
[a] heightening the value of
[b] indicating the state of
[c] losing faith in
[d] doing harm to
23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry
[a] the french measures have already failed
[b] new standards are being set in denmark
[c] models are no longer under peer pressure
[d] its inherent problems are getting worse
24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for
[a] setting perfect physical conditions
[b] caring too much about models character
[c] showing little concern for health factors
[d] pursuing a high age threshold for models
25. which of the following maybe the best title of the text
[a] a challenge to the fashion industrys body ideals
[b] a dilemma for the starving models in france
[c] just another round of struggle for beauty
[d] the great threats to the fashion industry
text 2
for the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate the
countryside alongside the royal family. shakespeare and the national health service (nhs) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
a century ago octavia hill launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save the beauty of natural places for everyone forever. it was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience a refreshing air. hills pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. they dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .it needs constant guardianship.
at the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. the conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,
even authorizing off-plan building where local people might object. the concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. the liberal democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. its campaign to protect rural england struck terror into many local conservative parties.
the sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. the london agents stirling ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the landon
area alone with no intrusion on green belts. what is true of london is even truer of the provinces. the idea that housing crisis equals concreted meadows is pure lobby talk. the issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, george osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. he favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. this is not a free market but a biased one. rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. they do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. we do not ruin urban conservation areas. why ruin rural ones
development should be planned, not let trip, after the netherlands, britain is europes most crowed country. half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. there is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern portugal, spain or ireland. avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
26. britains public sentiment about the countryside
[a] is not well reflected in politics
[b] is fully backed by the royal family
[c] didnt start fill the shakespearean age
[d] has brought much benefit to the nhs
27. according to paragraph 2，the achievements of the national trust are now being
[a] largely overshadowed
[b] properly protected
[c] effectively reinforced
[d] gradually destroyed
28. which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3
[a] labour is under attack for opposing development
[b] the conservatives may abandon off-plan building
[c] ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation
[d] the liberal democrats are losing political influence
29. the author holds that george osborness preference
[a] shows his disregard for the character of rural area
[b] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis
[c] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure
[d] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas
30. in the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of
[a] the size of population in britain
[b] the enviable urban lifestyle in britain
[c] the town-and-country planning in britain
[d] the political life in todays britain
text 3
there is one and only one social responsibility of business wrote milton friedman, a nobel prize-winning economist that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits. but even if you accept friedmans premise and regard
corporate social responsibility(csr) policies as a waste of shareholderss money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. new research suggests that csr may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
the largest firms in america and britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on csr, according to an estimate by epg, a consulting firm. this could add value to their businesses in three ways. first, consumers may take csr spending as a signal that a companys products are of high quality. second, customers may be willing to buy a companys products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. and third, through a more diffuse halo effect whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
previous studies on csr have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. a recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under americans foreign corrupt practices act（fcpa）.it argues that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
the study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive csr programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their csr stand, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
in all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be
influenced by a companys record in csr. we estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate
giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials. says one researcher.
researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on csr. nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
31. the author views milton friedmans statement about csr with
[a]uncertainty
[b]skepticism
[c]approval
[d]tolerance
32. according to paragraph 2, csr helps a company by
[a]guarding it against malpractices
[b]protecting it from consumers
[c]winning trust from consumers.
[d]raising the quality of its products
33. the expression more lenient(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to
[a]less controversial
[b]more lasting
[c]more effective
[d]less severe
34. when prosecutors evaluate a case, a companys csr record
[a]comes across as reliable evidence
[b]has an impact on their decision
[c]increases the chance of being penalized
[d]constitutes part of the investigation
35. which of the following is true of csr according to the last paragraph
[a] the necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown
[b] companies financial capacity for it has been overestimated
[c] its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked
[d]it has brought much benefit to the banking industry
text 4
there will eventually come a day when the new york times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. sometime in the future, the papers publisher said back in 2010.
nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. the infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online - only
competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints. readers are migrating away from print anyway. and though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says buzzfeed ceo jonah peretti.
peretti says the times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.
figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them, he said, but if you discontinue it, youre going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.
sometimes thats worth making a change anyway. peretti gives the example of netflix discontinuing its dvd-mailing service to
focus on streaming. it was seen as blunder, he said. the move turned out to be foresighted. and if peretti were in charge at the times i wouldnt pick a year to end print, he said i would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.
the most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and theyd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. so if youre overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping, peretti said. then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue. in other words, if youre going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. which may be what the times is doing already. getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription.
its a really hard thing to do and its a tremendous luxury that buzzfeed doesnt have a legacy business, peretti remarked. but were going to have questions like that where we have things were doing that dont make sense when the market changes and the world changes. in those situations, its better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.
36. the new york times is considering ending its print edition partly due to
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