话语中表示各种逻辑关系的副词

JournalofGansuEducationCollege(SocialSciences)

Vol.17・SpecialIssue,2001

话语中表示各种逻辑关系的副词

王伯浩

(兰州商学院商英系,甘肃兰州　730000)

　　话话中的副词除了在句中呈现不同的语义外,有时还具有表示前后文、上下句及情景与事件之间各种逻辑关系的功能。这种逻辑关系是相对于表层语法关系而言的,其功能主要是由言语者列举一连串事件式情景,通过使用相关副词使上下文、前后句之间建立起一种逻辑关系,以达到言语者的语用目的。这类副词在英语里不少,所表示的关系也较多样,为论述方便起见,对这些副词汇按类型分述如下:

1.用来表示因果关系的副词

(1)Hiscreativepowerisnolongerhar2nessedtoanygroupconsciousness.Heisthereforeconsequentlyaccordinglythusreactionstotheworldinwhichhelives.

freetoexplorehisownprivate

仅在句法上建立起相互依存的关系,而且在逻辑上前后句互为补充,使意思更加完整,以更充分地说明Harry不能胜任某项工作的理由,从而使言语者的语用目的明确表达出来。象这种使情景相连,并建立起相互补充关系的副词还有moreover,indeed等,如:

(3)Whatshecalled“loosedebts”hadal2readyamounted,nottoone,buttooverthreethousandpounds…hismotherhad,moreover,inheritedfromhisfatheranobligation,inherownname,toBright’sheirs.

(4)ThepeopleoftheUnitedStates…be2cause,forexample,theardentpartisansoftheGreeksintheeighteentwenties;Monroe,indeed,hadwishedtorecognizetheGreekstateatthetimeofthedebatesonhisgreatmessage.

3.表示上下文之间等效(equivalent)和

例(1)中通过使用therefore等副词,使

两句话之间建立起因果关系(causeandcon2sequence),前句表示原因,后句表示结果,话

相似(similar)关系的副词

(5)Whilealargehillsidefacingsouthisanants’paradise,anareaofafewsquarefeetoryardsonadifferentslopemayequallybefavourable.

(6)Theincumbent,ifheisrunningforre2election,obviouslyhashisrecordashisprincipalassetorliability.Hisopponentcorre2spondinglyisfacedwiththedilemmaofcriti2cizinghisrecordorsupportingthepurposeandcriticizingtheirexecution.

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语显得层次分明,逻辑清楚,从而达到言语者表示因果的语用目的。

2.用来表示上下文之间相互补充的副

词

(2)Harry,firstly,isnotanengineer.Sec2ondly,heistooold.

言语者在两句话中分别使用firstly和secondly两个表示序列的副词,使两句话不

副词equally和correspondingly表示上下文之间的等效关系,而副词similarly和likewise则往往用来与前句比较,表示两种情

alsotoo,canbeworkedbyanelectricmotor.

同also和too一样,副词even也可用来对前文进行补充,但言语者还有使听话者感到意外或惊奇的语用目的。

(12)Ifyouliketoputitthatway,Christofferssomethingfornothing;Heevenofferseverythingfornothing.

6.用来表示话说间承前启后过渡关系

景的相同或相似之处:

(7)Itneednot,ofcourse,occasionsur2prisethatabirdshouldmistakeitsreflectedimageforarival.Abirdmay

likewisesimilarly4.用来表示上下文或情景之间先后层

次即时间关系(temporalrelationship)的副词

有些副词如again,不仅可用来表示上下文之间互为补充的关系,同时,也可表示情景间的先后层次关系。

(8)Whenamagnetwasputintothecoilthegalvanometerneedlemovedandasthemagnetwasremovedtheneedleagainmoved,butintheoppositedirection.

的副词

(13)It’scleartomehe’sgotquitehisshareofnerve———butthiswouldtakemore;itwouldtaketiptopacting.Howmuchofanactorwouldyou,now,takehimtobe?

该句中副词now语义为“nowthatwearespeakingaboutacting”。

7.用来表示上下文之间评注与例举关系

这种时间关系,在叙述相似事件或情景反复发生和出现时,尤为明显。如:

(9)Inhisfirstnovel,RoderickRandom(1748),heportraysthelifeofhisrogue2herountilhismarriagewiththeloyal,beautiful,andincredibleNarcissa.

PeregrinePickly

(1751)is,again,thenovelofaroguewhofollowsadepravedlifeuntilhemarriesthevir2tuousEmilia.

(10)Hefoundthestationyardthrongedwithlorriesandguns,withafewlighttanks.Thestation,again,wasthrongedwithtroops.

5.当对两种不同但又相类似的事件或情

的副词

(14)Thismachinehasa3.6KWmoter.Usingitforaquarterofanhourthusrequires400watts.

句中副thus在语义上表示结果,但在逻辑上后句与前句间是评注与例举关系。

8.用来对话说中某一情景加以限定,而

排除其它相关情景的副词

(15)Erichasonlyworkedinhisfather’sbusiness.Hehasnotworkedanywhereelse.(Hehasnotbeenemployedbyme.)

句中使用only以对inhisfather’sbusi2ness加以限定,其语用目的是排除everyoth2erplace,其意不言自明。而后句中对相关情

景同时论及并指出两者之间的相同之处时,往往用also或too这两个副词,在上下文之间建立起纯属补充的逻辑关系

(11)Oneofthemostusefulapplicationsoftheelectricmotorfordomesticpurposesisitsuseforrefrigerators.

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景Hehasnotbeenemployedbyme加以排除,才能达到使用only限定情景的语用目的。其它一些副词如just,merely,exclusive2ly,solely等,都同only一样,可用来限定情

景,达到相同的语用目的

(16)Heisjust(exactly,precisely…)the

Kitchenclocks,

typeofmanIwant.(Iwantnoothertypeofman.)

(17)Youpersonallymustfetchit.(Youcan’tsendanyoneelse.)

9.用来对句中部分情景限定(partialre2striction)的副词

(18)Peoplemovedtothecities.ThiswasespeciallyparticularlytheeaseinEngland.(Italso

bearings.

(25)Thisrelievesthedesignerofmuchoftheneedfortheingenuityinmechanicalde2signwhichwouldotherwisehavebeencom2pelledtouse.

12.用来表示两者选一或取舍替换关系

的副词

(26)Isuggestthatheinvestthatmoneyonthestockmarket.Hecan,ofcourse,alter2natively,buyahouse.

13.用来表示上下文之间对照关系的副happenedinothercountries,thoughnottothesameextent.)

(19)Theirfoodpredominantly(mostly,)primarily,mainly,chiefly,largely,partly…consistsofmeat.(Tosomeextent,however,theyalsoeatotherthings.)(20)Realityisusuallysomethingyoucouldnothaveguessed.(Sometimes,howev2er,youcouldhaveguessedit.)

10.用来表示两句间目的和方式关系的

词

(27)Hislineofficershandledthedetails;MartinLutherKinginsteadwasalivingcoin,tobedisplayedattheheadofthemarch.

(28)Butinevolutionarytheory,wefindthestaunchadvocatesofamaterialbasisofev2olutiongravitingtowardtheviewthatran2domnessandapparentindeterminismcharac2terizetheoverallprocesswhilethevitalists,conversely,werestronglydeterministic.

14.用来表示让步关系(relationofcon2cession)的副词

(29)HisstudiesofvariedtypesofEnglishlifewerefilledwithanidealismwhich

yetstill副词

(21)Hewantedtobuyanewcar.Hethereforesoldhisoldonetome.

11.用来建立以前句为前提(premise)、

后句为推论(inference)关系的副词

(22)A:Hesaiditwouldbedangerousto

tellyou.

B:Whathesays,withyou,then,cutsagooddealofice?

didnotignorethecruelandsinisterinlife.

(30)Theysawnoneofmyvirtueswhichanywayhadlongbeendrownedunderyearsofdrug2takinganddesiringtodie.

(31)I’dliketogowithyou,however,myhandsarefull.

15.用来表示方式(mannerormeans)的

若前句以条件句为前提,副词then用来表示推论的语义更强,上下文间的逻辑关系则更加紧密:

(23)Ifyouhavethreedimensions,youcanthenbuildwhatwecallasolidbody.

若前提句命题明确肯定,在推论句中则用otherwise建立起两句间的逻辑关系:

(24)WemustconscientiouslystudyMa2rxizm2Leninizm,otherwisewe’llloseour

关系副词

(32)Onlyhe,though,couldhavechris2tenedthatunderstanding———heonlythuscouldmarkedtheenormousbreach.

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(33)IncitingtheamountofmovingaroundasevidencethatItherebyhavesome2whatundercutmyargumentaboutthelong2rangetrend.

(34)Whennolongerserviceable,orwhentherequiredapprovalstampsarenolongerlegible,andtheequipmentcannototh2erwisebeidentifiedasapprovedsuchequip2mentmustbereplaced.

下文与前后句之间,副词用来建立与语境间逻辑关系的现象也十分普遍。

(35)(Afatherforgetstogiveoneofhissonsanapple,andthenthissonsays)I,too,wantanapple.

(36)(Apersonishandedacupofteabuthesays)Nothankyou,canIinsteadhavejustaglassofwater.

(37)Youareherebyacquittedofthe)crime.(=“bymysayingthis”

最后值得一提的是,在语言交际中,副词表示各种逻辑关系的功能并不仅仅局限于上参考文献:

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anaUniversityClub,1972.

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manticTheoryofAdverbs[J].LinguisticInquiry,

[3]Horn,LaurenceR.OntheSemanticPropertiesof

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versityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,1972.1974,(4).

(责任编辑:辛俊武)

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