step by step第二册

来源：欧得旅游网

part 1 warming up

A key words:

1. What kind of student comes to___? The answer to this is, there is no ‘oxford type.’ Common qualities they look for are___, enthusiasm and motivation for youe chosen area of study backed by a strong________.

2. The University of Cambridge is one of the ___universities in the world, and one of the___ in the United Kingdom. It has a worldwide______for outstanding academic achievement and the high quality of____undertaken in a wide range of ____and arts subjects. 3. The University of Sydney was the ___to be estabished in_____and, after almost___of proud achievement, still leads in innovation and quality. The university____in sport and social activities, debating, drama, music and muah more. 4. Known for _____in teaching, research, and service to the community, the University of Victoria serves approximately___students. It is favored by its_____on Canada’s spectacular west coast, in the capital of British Columbia.

5. NewZealand’s ____university, the University of Auckland, was established in_____, and has grown into an international center of learning and academic excellence. The University is____in the heart of the cosmopolitan city if Auckland and provides an exciting and stimulating environment for____student..

6. Founded in_____Harvard has a 380-acre urban campus with easy access to Boston. It has a total____of about _____students. This university comprises many different___such as the Faculty of Arst and Sciences, School of Business Administration and School of Educarion.

7. Columbia University is an independent coeducational university,

whidh___master’s, doctoral, professsional, and other advanced____, with an enrollment of about_____graduate and professional students.

8. Boston University is _____along the banks of the Charles River. With more than 30,000 students from all over the United States and ____countries, it is the _____largest indepent university in the United States. B

Listen to a passage about the online higher education in the U.S. Supply the missing words.

American universities have been offering classes____through _____for number of years. Now, some newly created colleges are offering____degrees online. One

university offers both ______degrees and master’s degrees. Officials say they try to provide students with a_____exprience as well as an educational one. For example, in some progress, groups of the same six studentd______through all their classes together. They communicatied by computer. Another online school uses a______method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes _____instead of reading information.

Students who have taken online classes say they to be a buildiing at a set____to listen to a professor. _____say have better ______with students through_______notes than they do in many_____classes. 2

Educational systems

key words:

primary school secondary school high school

higher education college university

vocabulary:

comprehensive schooL GCSE examination A level

sophomore provincial school board diploma certificate

Primary school secondary school permissible age

entering age entering age to level school

Britain ___________ _____________ _________

USA __________ junior high:_ ________

senior high:_

Australia ___________ intermediate

school:_____ ___________

high school__

Cananda ____________ __________ __________

1.What examonations do British children have to take before they leave secondary school?

2.Who should take \"A levels\"in Briain?

3.What dose the word\"sophomore\"mean in the U.S.?

4.What exam do Australian children have to take before they leave high school?

5.what is a musst to Australian children who would like to go to various sorts of higher education?

6.How many years of study are required for university degrees in Canada?

Part II

D－David M－Michael N－Nicolette D: (Well,) in Britain, from the ages of five to about eleven you start off at a primary school, and then from eleven to sixteen you go on to a secondary school or a comprehensive school and at sixteen you take GCSE examinations. After this, some children take„ er„ vocational courses or even start work. Others stay on at school for another two years to take A levels. And at the age of eighteen, after A levels, they might finish their education or go on to a course of higher education at a college or university, and that’s usually for three years. M: well, it depends on what state you’re in but„ er„ most kids in the United States start school at about six„ er„when they go to elementary school and that goes from the first grade up to the sixth grade. Some kids go to a kindergarten the year before that. Then they go on to junior high school, that’s about eleven, and that’s the seventh, eighth and ninth grades. And then they go on to senior high school around age fourteen„ er„ starting in the tenth grade and finishing in the twelfth grade usually. Some students„ er„ will leave school at sixteen and they’ll start work, but„ er„ most of them stay on to graduate„ er„ from high school at age eighteen. In the first year at high school or college students are called “freshmen,”in the second they’re called “sophomores,” in the third year„ er„ we call them “juniors” and in the fourth year they’re called “seniors.” Now „ er„ a lot of high school graduates„ er„ then go to college or university and they do a four-year first degree course. Some of them might go to junior college„ er„ which

is a two-year course.

N: Well, in Australia, well in most states anyway, children start their primary education at five after perhaps a brief time in kindergarten. They will start at primary school until they’re about eleven, then they’ll either stay there or go to an intermediate school for a couple of years. Then they start high school usually twelve or thirteen, which you start in the third form. Now, after three years at high school„ um„ you sit a general exam, some states call it School Certificate„ er„ and that is a sort of general qualification. After that you can leave school at sixteen or you can go on and sit your University Entrance Examination, which then gives you entree into a university or it’s another useful qualification, and form then on you go to various sorts of higher education.

Education in Canada is a provincial responsibility, but schools are administered by local school boards.

Kindergarten is for children who are four or five years old. Children begin formal full-day schooling in Grade 1, when they are about six years old. They must stay in school at least until they are sixteen. However, most students continue to finish high school. Some go on to college or university.

Each year of schooling represents one grade. (The school year extends from the beginning of September to the end of June.) Elementary school (or high school) may start in Grade 8, 9, or 10 and it usually continues until Grade 12.

In Canada, students may go to university or to a community college. If they want to learn skills for a specific job, they attend college for one to four years to get a diploma or certificate. For example, lab technicians, child-care workers, and hotel managers go to college. Universities offer degree programs as well as training in certain professions, such as law, medicine, and teaching.

Universities offer three main levels of degrees. Students earn a bachelor’s degree can take another year or two. A doctorate may take a further three to seven years to complete. 3

key words:

snob value promotion a piece of paper ability

rejected

vocabulary:

snob craftsman decent promotion humble colleague reject oblige

1.Educational has acquired ____________________in modern times.

2.Nowadays if we want to get a decent job,we have to_________.

3If we want to get promotion in even a humblest job,we have to__________.

4.Experience and practical skills are regarded as _________.

5.\"Johnson would've been a manager by now if he'd taken the trouble to_________.

6.\"He's a clever man,he could've done anything if he'd had_____-.

7.Would it not be better to__________in a way most suited to them rather

than___________________,which may offer no opportunity for them to deve;op skiis in which they would've become expert if left to themselves?

MAJOR VIEWPOINTS SUPPORTING IDEAS AND FACTS

Statment Numbers: Statment Numbers:

Part III

Education has acquired a kind of snob value in modern times. We are no longer content to be honest craftsmen skilled at our work through years of patient practice. Nowadays if we want to get a decent job, we have to have a piece of paper. If we want to get promotion in even a humblest job, we have to obtain a certificate or a diploma first. We may know that we will be better at the job than the man with the paper qualifications, but our experience and practical skills are regarded as relatively unimportant. “Johnson would’ve been a manager by now if he’d taken the trouble to get a degree,” his colleagues say. “He’s a clever man, he could’ve done anything if he’d had a proper education.” I wonder if, as time goes on, we should discover that many people whose practical experience and ability would have been enormously useful to their employers have been rejected on the ground that they are insufficiently qualified. Would it not be better to allow people to become expert in a way most suited to them rather than oblige them to follow a set course of instruction, which may offer no opportunity for them to develop skills in which they would’ve become expert if left to themselves? 4

Thinking Ahead of the Speaker—Anticipation Helps

Listening is an extremely complex______. In his book Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology, Neisser defines listening as a “temporally ______

activity” in which the listener” _______ develops more or less _________for what will come next.” In other words, an effective listener is __________ hypothesis in his mind, and also, he is _________his hypothesis by matching it with_______. If he hears what he has expected, he receives the information. But if what he hears is totally________, he fails to _______.

The skill to anticipate what is coming in listening comprehension depends largely on the listener’s _______ with the theme of message. It also depends on the listener’s _______ of the speaker as well as ______.

Obviously, when we listen to something that we ____ have some information about, it is generally a lot easier for us to _______ the new information. Therefore, _________ seems to have a big role to play in enhancing listening comprehension. Before actual listening, we could perhaps first ________the topic, discuss it with others, read some ________ and do some _______. If we could make ourselves ______ for the forthcoming talks or lectures, we are more likely to become effective listeners.

Of course, readiness beforehand is not at all enough. _______ must take place all the way through. In fact, we should always try to think ______the speaker. The ability to anticipate helps us in ________guesswork. It does not only enable us to ________ what a person is going to talk about in a certain situation, but also, interestingly enough, sometimes even______ what a person’s _______is going to be in a discussion.

Thinking Ahead of the Speaker—Anticipation Helps

Listening is an extremely complex communicative activity. In his book Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology, Neisser defines listening as a “temporally extended activity” in which the listener” continuously develops more or less specific readiness for what will come next.” In other words, an effective listener is constantly setting up hypothesis in his mind, and also, he is constantly testing his hypothesis by matching it with what he has heard in reality. If he hears what he has expected, he receives the information. But if what he hears is totally out of his expectation, he fails to get the message.

The skill to anticipate what is coming in listening comprehension depends largely on the listener’s familiarity with the theme of message. It also depends on the listener’s knowledge of the speaker as well as the setting.

Obviously, when we listen to something that we already have some information about,

it is generally a lot easier for us to take in the new information. Therefore, pre-listening preparation seems to have a big role to play in enhancing listening comprehension. Before actual listening, we could perhaps first give some thought to the topic, discuss it with others, read some related materials and do some vocabulary work. If we could make ourselves fully oriented for the forthcoming talks or lectures, we are more likely to become effective listeners. Of course, readiness beforehand is not at all enough. Active thinking must take place all the way through. In fact, we should always try to think ahead of the speaker. The ability to anticipate helps us in logical and intelligent guesswork. It does not only enable us to know generally what a person is going to talk about in a certain situation, but also, interestingly enough, sometimes even exactly what a person’s next utterance is going to be in a discussion. 5

unit02 Part I A

1. There are more than 2,700 languages in the world. In addition, there are more than 7,000 dialects. A dialect is a regional variety of a language that has a different pronuniciation, vacabulary, or meaning.

2. The language in which a government conducts business is the official language of that country.

3. One billion people speak English. That’s 20 percent of the world’s population.

4. Four hundred million people speak English as their first language. For the other 600 million it’s either a second language or a foreign language.

5. There are more than 500,000 words in the Oxford dictionary. Eighty percent of all English vocabulary comes form other languages.

6. Eighty percent of all information in the world’s computers is in English.

7. Somalia is the only African country in which the entire population speaks the same language, Somali.

8. More than 1,000 different languages are spoken on the continent of Africa.

9. When the American spaceship Voyage began its journey in 1977, it carried a gold

disc. On the disc, there were messages in 55 languages. Before all of them, there was a message from the Secretary General of the United Nations in English. B

Different people have different ways of learning. We call this your “learning style,”and it’s based on your senses. To learn, you need to use your different senses¬¬－hearing, seeing, touching, etc., to bring information to your brain. Now, most people use one of their senses more than the others. Some people learn best by listening. They are called hearing learners. And other learn best by reading or looking at pictures. They are called visual learners. And some learn best by touching and doing things. They are called tactile learners. Now, scientists don’t know why people use one sense more than the others. Maybe the sense they use most just works best for them. C

All right, class. Today we’re going to be looking at different language learning styles. You may be surprised to find that there are different ways of going about learning languages, none of which is necessarily better than the others. Researchers have identified four basic learner “types”－the communicative learner, the analytical learner, the authority-oriented learner and the concrete learner. Communicative learners like to learn by watching and listening to native speakers. At home, they like to learn by watching TV and videos. They like to learn new words by hearing them. In class, they like to learn by having conversations. Now, concrete learners like to learn by playing games, by looking at pictures and videos in class, by talking in pairs, and by listening to cassettes at home and school. Now, authority-oriented learners, on the other hand, like the teacher to explain

everything. They like to write everything down in their notebook, and they like to have a textbook. They like to learn new words by seeing them. And finally, we have analytical learners. These learners like to learn by studying grammar. At home, they like to learn by studying English books, and they like to study by themselves. They like to find their own mistakes. Now, of course, it’s unusual for a person to be exclusively one “type” rather than another. Most of us are mixtures of styles. What type of learner do you think you are? 6

Part II

A: Well what I wanted to ask really was„ you’re a teacher, been teaching for some years now, erm, what would you say, how would you describe a good student or a bad student, you know, sort of things they do or don’t do in the classroom?

B: Erm, well, a good student is usually one who’s not afraid to make mistakes, I’d say.

A: Uh huh.

B: And he’s, er, eager to experiment with every new thing that he learns, whether it be a structure or a function or a new word, erm, he immediately starts trying to use it.

A: Yeah, all right.

B: And he’s interested in the mistakes he makes, he’s not afraid to make them.

A: So he’s not simply interested in having it corrected and moving on?

B: No, no, no. He, he plays with the language. A bad student, on the other hand, will perhaps say “OK I’ve done this chapter I know this,” without trying to experiment at all, without really testing himself.

A: Ahha, ahha. B: He’s usually passive, he won’t speak up much in the classroom. He’ll very rarely ask you why this and why not something else„

A: Just sort of accepts what you give him and doesn’t do anything more with it.

B: That’s right and in a test he’s the one person who’s likely to suddenly realize that, er yes, he wasn’t too sure about that after all.

A: Yeah.

B: And peep over at the er„ at this neighbor’s paper.

A: Oh yes, an alternative learning strategy.

B: Right, and he invariably decides that the other person is more likely to be right than himself. I think that’s the result of, er, this sort of unwillingness to make mistakes and stick his neck out.

A: Mm, right, yeah. Er, anything else?

B: Er„

A: That characterizes the good or bad learner?

B: Er, mm, the bad learner is, wait a minute er, the good learner is erm, well, I think he’ll do more off his own bat as well, he won’t rely entirely on the teacher.

A: Mm hm.

B: He’ll read, he’ll read books.

A: Mm, so work outside the classroom as well as in it.

B: Yes, yeah.

A: yeah, yeah. B: Students who make most progress are first of all those who experiment and secondly those who read books.

Part III

I－Interviewer P－Professor

I: And now we have an interview with Professor J. T. Lingo, Professor of Linguistics at Chimo University, who is here to talk to us about the growing business of teaching English. Good morning, Professor Lingo.

P: Good morning.

I: Professor, I understand that teaching English is becoming “big business” all around the world.

P: It seems that language schools are springing up everywhere.

I: Why is that?

P: With the move toward a global economy, English has become the most widely used language in the world. It is the language of business, aviation, science and international affairs and people find that they must learn English to compete in those fields.

I: And do people find English an easy language to learn?

P: Well, every language has something about it that other people find difficult to

learn. English is such a hodgepodge of different languages－it’s essentially Germanic but a lot of its vocabulary comes from French, and technical words stem from Latin and Greek. This feature makes English fairly adaptable－which is a good thing for a world language－but it causes irregularity in spelling and pronunciation.

I: English spelling baffles me, too.

P: Yes, well, anyway, English also has the largest vocabulary. Often there are words for the same thing, one that is Anglo-saxon and one from the French－like “buy” which is Anglo-Saxon and “purchase” which is from the French. The French word often has more prestige.

I: Anglo-Saxon?

P: That’s the word for Old English. The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought the French language to Britain and helped English evolve into the language it is today.

I: I see. Is there anything else particularly difficult about English?

P: Well, the idioms in informal English pose a problem for some students.

I: Informal English?

P: As with any language, there are different varieties: slang, colloquial, formal, written, as well as the different dialects－British, American and Canadian English.

I: And how is Canadian English different from American and British?

P: Well, Canadian English is closer to American in pronunciation and idiom. Some of our words and our spellings do reflect British usage, however. We wouldn’t use the British term “lorry” for truck, but we have kept the “o-u-r” spellings in words such as “honour”and “colour”.

I: This has been very interesting, professor. I’m afraid we’re out of time. It has been a pleasure talking to you.

P: Thank you.

I: We have been talking to Professor Lingo of Chimo University. 8

Language study and language appreciation

Listen to the following statements you have learned in the previous and present units.Pay special attention to the parts in bold type.Learn to appreciate and use the language.

1. to excel in...

The University excels in sport and social activities,debating,drama,music and much more.

2. to sit an examination

After that,you can leave school at sixteen or you can go on and sit your Unversity Entrance Examination,which then gives you entree into a unversity.

3. on the ground that... Many people whose practical experience and ability would have been enormously useful to their employers have been rejected on the ground that they are insufficiently qualified.

4. off one's own bat

The good learner will do more off his own bat.He won't rely entirely on the teacher.

5. to spring up

It seems that language schools are springing up everywhere.

6. a hodgepodge of...

English is a hodgepodge of different languages.

7. to evolve into... The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought the French language to Britain and helped English evolve into the language it is today. 9

Unit 3

getting ready for the future career

part 1 Warming up

A.key words:

experience,applicant,Bachelor's Degree.resume,qualified,position,

candidates

vocabulary: bachelor,resume,image,administration,dynamic,moble,turnover, in excess of, audit, Syracuse

1. Cook needed immediately in a busy downtown restaurant! You

must be good and dependable . Experience is preferred and work

on weekends is required ,if you're interested, please call 2359739.

2. A small private school needs English and math

teachers. Applicants must have a Bachelor' Degree and teaching

certificate . Interested people please send your resume to Wales

Charter School,19 Snow Road ,NYC.

3. As the world leader in imaging business from photographic

to commerical to electronic imaging ,we invite applications from

qualified persons for the position of Marketing Communication

Supervisor .Candidates must have a bachelor'degree in Business

Administration and good PC and presentation skills Please apply

by sending your resume to :MTP ,P.O. Box3, Syracuse, NY 193.

4. If you are a dynamic ,hardworking and initiated quick

learner interested in working in a challenging environment , if

you are mobile and able to travel extensively , please jion our

Truck Tire and Passenger Car Tire Teams and be the Area Sales

Manager . Professional careers and extensive training are

provided to you . Are you the right one for us ? Send your

detailed resume with your expected salary and recent photo to

Martin' Apparel, 385 Rockledge Street , Syracuse ,NY 15835.

5. We are among the top 50 industrial companies worldwide with

an annual turnover in excess of US $ 40 billion . We provide for

our employees not only a competitive salary and a benifits

package, but also excellent career development opportunities .

We are now seeking qualified people to fill the position of B

uyer . Candidates' qualifications include : a bachelor's degree

in businrss or engineering ,2~3 years revant working experince ,

good command of English , good communication and interpersonal

skills and the bility to work in teams . Those who are

interested please send your rusume , a rencent photo , contact

phone number and a copy of your diploma to 943 West Avcnue, NY

180.

6. We ,one of the world's largest food manufacturers, have the

position of Accoutant available .Applicants must have a

university degree in accounting or auditing .strong computer

skills and a minimum of 3 years experience with trading

companies . If you belive that you have the experience and

talent to develop and grow with one of the world's leading food

companies , please send your resume , education certificate, ID

card copy and photo to 404 ,South 7th Street, NYC. B.

Key words:hottest jobs

Vocabulary:tissue,culture,genetic,DNA,defect,gene,therapy,molecule,pharmacologic,

livestock,therapeutic,laden,modify,fiddle,handyman,daunt,video cassette recorder(VCR),digital versatile

disc(DVD),3-D,holographic,toaster,abuse,diagnostics,ambient,

hijack

looking for a career change?A decade ago,who would have guessed that web designer would be the hottset jobs of 2000?Do you have any idea what will be the other six hottest jobs in the 21st century?Here are some suggestions:

1.Tissue engineers

With man-made skin already on the market,25 years from now scientists expect to be culturing growing organs in test tubes.Or trying,anyway.

2.Genetic programmers

After scanning your DNA for defects,doctors will use gene therapy and \"smart\" molecules to cure disease,including certain cancers.

3.Pharmers/Pharmacologic farmers

New-age farms will raise crops ans livestock that have been genetically engineeres to produce therapeuic proteins.Works in progress include a vaccine-carrying tomato and drug-laden milk from cows,sheep and goats.

4.Genetically-modified food monitors

Not sure what's for dinner? With a little genetic fiddling,fast-growing fish and freeze-resistant fruits will help feed an overpopulated planet.

5.Hot-line handymen

still dauted by the thought of reprogrammingyour video cassette recorder(VCR),let alone your digital versatile disc(DVD)?Just wait until your 3-D holographic TV won't power up or will take care of most of your home electronics,but a few repairmen will still make house calls...via video phone.

6.Narrow casters

Today's broadcasting industry will become increasingly personalized.Working together,media and advertisers will create content just for you.Ambient commercials will also hijack your attention by using tastes and smells. 10

Unit 4 All Can Succeed

Part 1 Warming up

Key words: imagination, win, opportunity, risk, like, success, other people,

abilities, hard work

Vocabulary: prosper, shed light onto, be blessed with, positive, critically, interact

In this part you are going to hear a passage about how one can achieve success. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks with the missing words.

(No one sets out in life to fail.) The reality is that many do. Why do some prosper while others struggle just to exist? There is no simple answer to that question but here are a few thoughts that might shed some light onto this very complex issue.

1. The future is in your imagination

Humans are blessed with the ability to think into the future. We can use our imagination to see possibilities. Use this unique gift in a positive way.( Build a vision of what you want to be. have or do. It is the starting point of all successful activities.)

2. To win, you must expect to win

Once we imagine our future, we must wrap that vision with a belief system that encourages us to fulfill the vision.

3. We are surrounded by opportunity

As we move through time, opportunities are abound. All we have to do is recognize them and reach out to grab them. Capturing opportunity demands risk. Are you a risk taker?

4. Like what you do or do something else

Low achievers usually don't like to work or don't like the work they are doing. Those who don't want to work will never prosper. For those who work, it is critically important that their work be a joyful experience. Match your skills to your job requirements. The closer the match, the more enjoyable the experience.

5. Your success depends on other people

No man is an island. We must interact with and receive the support of others. Build a network of friends. Get to know people of achievement. Listen to their words,watch their actions and apply what works for you.

6. Everyone can succeed

We are all born with enough abilities to experience success. Our task is to discover and develop those abilities. Nothing comes easily. Success demands hard work. Are you willing to work that hard? B

Key words：

skills encourage invoivement development school cooperation student performance teachers staff

Vocabulary:

issue involvement commit enhancement regardless of consensus bond integrity

Suppose you are an administator on a middle school ,read the following checklist . Supply the mising words to complete the questions below.Answer all the questions by ticking \"yes\"or \"no\".

1.Do you possess good organizational skills?

2.Are you results oriented?

3.Are you open minded on all issues brought before you ?

4.Do you put children first in the decision process?

5.Do you encourage parental and citizen involvement?

6.Do you encourage innovation and excellence?

7.Do you commit to maximize the development of every student?

8.Do you promote school and community cooperation?

9.Do you support to the enhancement of student needs in the school?

10.Can you offer ideas and plans to strengthen the school ?

11.Do you expect high quality performence from terchers?

12.Do you communicate directly and clearly to the teachers in the school?

13.Do you bebieve in continuously professional development of self and the entire staff?

14.Do you deals fairly with all school employees regardless of their backgroud or position?

15. Are you a consensus builder?

16.Do you understand leadership skills?

17.Is your word your bond ?Are you trustworthy?

18.Do you strive to undersdand the position of others staff members?

19.Do you display a high degree of personal integrity?

20.Can you work well with others?

key words:

successful bring up children overcome difficulty deaf headmistress actor self-publicist vocabulary:

pop arthristis headmistress handicap self-publicist tapescript: speaker 1:

I think my mum's very successful beacause she's managed to bring up three children - excellently -- in such a horrible society that we live in today.She's taught us to be kind and loving,she taught us to share, she taught us to love our family -- be very family-orientated -- and I think that's relly important. speaker 2:

The person that I can think of within my life ,well,I probably can think of several but the one that instantly came to mind when you popped this question to me was somebody who lives in Harpenden and who has overcome physical difficulty of arthritis remarkabely well,and not allowde it to hold her back any more than is obviously necessary because of her physical disabilities.So I think she's made a very good -- a great success of overcoming a difficulty. speaker 3:

I think, uhm, Mable Davvies,here who's very successful.She's deaf lady who's now the

headmistress and I think that must have been hard, so I 've got a lot of respect for her,because my parents are also deaf so I know how difficult it is to work your way up having a handicap so I've got quite a lot of admiration for her. speaker 4:

Well,I think in professional terms Kenneth Branagh,the actor,has been very successful and I think the reason for this more than anything else is that he's a very good self-publicist.He is undoubtedly a very good actor.Er,I 've not seen him on stage,I've seen him on film and he's got an enormous amount of enery and as I say,he's a very good self-publicist. statements:

1. According to the first speaker, the most important thing that mumtaught her children is to love the family.

2. When the second speaker was inerviewed,the sucessful person that immediately came to her mind was the one with arthritis.

3. The third has a lot of respect for Mable Davies because she herself is deaf.

4. The fourth speaker thinks that the actor has got an enormous amount of energy as he saw him on stage and on film.

The work of Gordon Parks——an internationally known African American artist Key words:

work with a camera artist

photographs racial injustice photographer Life magazine

the rich and the poor Vocabulary: racial injustice seek racism Gothic Congress Kansas

Minneapolis

Minnesota Alabama A

Listen to the first part of the material.Complete the paragraph. Gordonn Parks is an artist who has many skills such as

_________________________________________________.However,he is best known for______________________________________________.He saw the camera as _________________________________________.

Gordon Parks was born into _________________________________in ________________.After his mother died when he was only__________,he worked several low-paying jobs to _____________________.He became interested

in_________________at the age of ________.He thought _________-could express___________________. B

Now listen to the second part of the material.First complete the chart about Gordon Parks.Then complete the statements about some of Gordon Parks's most successful works. When:in 1941

Relevant information:taking pictures of the poor living conditions in Chicago When:in____

Relevant information:working as a photographer for Life magazine When:in 1950

Relevant information:__________________________as a European photographer for Life When:in_________

Relevant information:traveling to the southern U.S.to photograph_____________________ When:in 1961

Relevant information:working on a project about________________ When:by__________in________

Relevant information:one of the most influential photographers of his time finishing a book about growing up in Kansas When:at the age of 85

Relevant information:still writing_____________________,composing_______________and making___________

Gordon Park's most successful works: 1.Ella Watson-American Gothic

The picture represents____________ 2.The Causey Family

The pictures show______________ 3.Flavio da Silva

The pictures show__________________

Listen to the following statements you have learned in the previous and previous and present units. Pay special attention to the parts in bold type. Learn to appreciate and use thr language.

1 (to be)daunted by the thought of...

Are you still daunted by the thought of reprogramming your video cassette recorder,let along your digital versatile disc?

2 to hijack one's attention

Ambient commercials will also hijack your attention by using tastes and smells.

3 to give thought to...

Have I given thought to what I would like to be doing 15 to 20 years from now?

Take a really good look at yourself and give real thought to the kind of person you are, what you are good at,and what kind of person you want to be.

4 to bear in mind/to affect the future course of one's life

Bear in mind that the career you choose will affect the future course of your life.

5 to give preference to.../other things being equal

Remember that when promotion occurs,preference is usually given to educated persons——other things being equal.

6 a fund of experience

Remember they have a tremendous fund of experience from which you should benefit.

7 to come to mind/to pop a question to...

The one that instantly came to mind when you popped this question to me was somebody who lives in Harpenden.

8 to set out to fail

No one sets out in life to fail.

9 to shed light onto...

There is no simple answer to that question but here are a few thoughts that minght shed some light onto this very complex issue.

10 to be blessed with...

Humans are blessed with...

Humans are blessed with the ability to think into the future.

11 one's word is one's bond

Is your word your bond?

12 to accept no limits on...

Gorden Parks continues to accept no limits on what he can do.

Part I Warming up A. Tape-script:

W: Hey, Kevin. Help me fill out this personality survey. It'll be fun. M. Oh, I don't know ...

W: Oh, come on... OK, here's the first one -- what should I put for \"aggressive\"? M. Uh-oh ... I ... I'd say \"very.\" W: Very? Really?

M: Yeah, sure. Look at the way you drive!

W: Well, OK, so I'm a very aggressive driver ... but ... you have to drive like that in this city, or you're gonna be hit, because ...

M: Uh ... what's the next one? W: ―Selfish‖ M: Oh, not at all

W: Really? Well, maybe just a little ... I mean, a lot of myself, I guess. M: OK, OK, so put \"not very W: OK.

M: But you can put \"extremely\" for the next one. W. What？ Oh, \"Kind\"？

M: Yes. Don't you think you're an extremely kind person? W: I am? OK, if you say so. Oh, look at this next one M. Oh, \"patient\" W: Yeah.

M：Hmm ... I don't know. Sometimes you can be really patient, but other times you're not patient at all. Like, remember that time in line at the supermarket when you got... W. OK, OK. I get your point. I'll put \"sort of. ' M. OK, that's right.

W. Next one... \"jealous‖. ' I guess I'm sort of jealous...

M. Sort of? I'd put \"very. ' Remember how angry you got when

my ex-girlfriend called the other day? I thought you're gonna raise the roof ... W: All right, all right. \"Very. ' M. Oh, OK, what's the next one? W: That's all. M: That's all?

W: Yeah, but now it's your turn. B. Tape-script:

Number 1 : George; W-- Woman G--George

W: So what are you going to do after you graduate, George? G: I'm going to start my own business. W: Oh, really? What type of business?

G: Well, I haven't decided yet, but I know I'll be successful in anything I do. In fact, I'm going to be one of the top business people in town in less than five years. Just wait and see! I have

everything it takes -- I'm smart, I can organize people, and I'm full of ideas that can make money. Number2: Karen K--Karen

K: Hey! Look at this wallet on the sidewalk. Wow! There's lots of money in it ... but no

identification. Mmm ... I wonder how I can find the owner? I guess I'll take it to the police station and see if anyone's reported a lost wallet. Number 3: Pam M:--Man P-- Pam

M: What are you doing tonight, Pam?

P: Well, I was supposed to meet Bill after work for a movie, but I don't feel like going. I think I'll go shopping instead M: Won't Bill get mad?

P: Oh, I'm sure he can find something else to do M: Oh?

P: Besides, I really need some new clothes. I haven't bought any for nearly a month! M: Huh! C. Interviews Tape-script.

I--Interviewer F—Mr. Fisher B--Miss Burnes

I: Mr. Fisher, you are an accountant and earn a good enough salary to enable you to live comfortably. What does work mean to you?

F: I regard it as a means to an end. Basically I'm a family man, and as long as I have a job which enables me to earn enough money to live well, I'm happy. I find a comfortable life compensates for the fact that I have a routine life and three weeks holiday per year. I suppose you could say I work to live.

I: Miss Burnes, as a school teacher in a working class area of London, how do you feel about Mr. Fisher's attitude towards his work?

B: Personally, I couldn't work to live. I must enjoy whatever I worth doing.

I: In other words, Miss Burnes, work plays one of the most important roles in your life?

B: Definitely! It gives me the mental satisfaction I need and a role in society. Contrary to Mr.

Fisher, I can say that I live to work.

Part II Self esteem Experiment Report

Project: the development of self-esteem Subjects: young boys Procedure:

1. testing (what): measure the boy’s abilities and how they felt about their own abilities 2. dividing (how?) : three groups – those with high self-esteem/ middle self-esteem/ low self-esteem

3. follow-up study (where and when?): in all situations at home/at work/in school/with friends Conversations: the behavior of the boys

1. boys with high self-esteem: active/ able to express ideas/ successful in school and in relations with other people /creative / led in discussion/ interested in world problem / seldom tired or sick 2. boys with middle self-esteem: like the boys with high self-esteem / express ideas freely/ saw the world as a good and happy place/ not sure of their own value

3. boys with low self-esteem: sad most time/ afraid to start activities/ felt no love/ couldn’t express ideas/ afraid of anger/ no talk in discussion Findings

1. Three groups of boys act differently

2. High self-esteem does not depend on physical appearance / money/ size of family/ how much the mother at home but it depends on close relationship between the boys and the parents. Tape-script:

Scientists have learned a great deal about the parts of brain and their functions. They have also studied the development of the personality, for example, how a baby learns to love. In recent studies of two universities in the United States, scientists have investigated the development of self-esteem.

Self-esteem is the respect a person has for himself, his belief in his ability and in the value of what he does. The scientists studied self-esteem in young boys. They gave them many tests. These tests measured the boys' abilities and also how they felt about their own abilities. After the tests, the boys were divided into three groups -- those with high self-esteem, those with middle self-esteem and those with low self-esteem. The scientists continued to study the boys in all situations. They studied them at home, at work, in school, and with their friends.

From their studies, the scientists made some observations. Boys with high self-esteem were active. They were able to express their ideas. They were successful in school and in their relations with other people. In discussions, they led. They didn't just listen. They were interested in world problems. They were creative and believed that they could finish whatever they started. They seldom became tired or sick. In many ways, the boys with middle self-esteem were like the boys with high self-esteem. They too expressed their ideas freely and saw the world as a good and happy place. However, they were not sure of their own value as people. They did their best work when they were sure that other people liked them. The boys with low serf-esteem were different from the other two groups. They were sad most of the time. They were afraid to start activities.

They felt that no one loved them. They could not express their ideas. They were afraid of anger. In a discussion, they listened, but they didn't talk.

The scientists asked, \"How do some boys develop high self-esteem?\" \"What is different in their lives?\" Some of the answers were surprising. High self-esteem did not depend upon physical appearance, or money, or size of family. It did not depend upon how much the mother was at home. The scientists found that there was a closeness between the boys with high self-esteem and their parents. Their parents showed real interests in them, and spent time with them. They listened to their sons and gave them help when the boys asked for it. They knew their sons' friends. The sons knew that they were important to their parents. These parents demanded good behavior. They made definite rules. They were strict, but not harsh. They corrected their sons' behavior by

rewards, not by punishment. They never took away their love. On the other hand, the parents of boys with low self-esteem let their sons do almost anything. If a boy made a mistake, the parents punished him harshly. The boys believed that their parents didn't love them. There were no

definite rules. The family life of the boys with high self-esteem was democratic. The parents made rules, but they led in a kind and thoughtful way. They showed respect for their children's ideas, even when they did not agree with them. They let the boys give their opinions in discussions of family plans. These boys were productive citizens. Now these scientists are studying other groups of children. They want to learn how to help children with low self-esteem feel better about themselves. In this way, these children can become productive citizens too.

Part III Balancing work and family A. 81% 78% 83% 100% B.

1. Who is responsible for helping the employees balance work and family? the employees & the company

2. What policies do some companies have that permit employees spend less time at work and more time at home? a. working part-time

b. two workers sharing one job

c. setting the hours and days they work d. working from home by using computers

3. What special skills do Americans develop in balancing work and family? a. making the best use of personal and family time b. building trusting relationships at work

c. asking supervisors and family members for help d. learning to make compromises in their lives Tapescript:

Many working parents in America find it hard to meet the demands of their jobs and their families. They are faced with difficult choices about how much time to spend at work and at home. The issue of balancing work and family affects employees at all levels. It especially affects

women and single parents. The Family and Work Institute studied the question of who doe~ most of the work in the home when both parents have jobs. It found that working women still do most

of the housework. For example, working women do 81 percent of the cooking. They do 78 percent of the cleaning. And women do 87 percent of the buying of food and other products for the home. The situation is even harder for the growing number of single mothers. They often do 100 percent of those jobs at home in addition to their jobs at work.

Then, who is responsible for helping employees balance work and family, the employee or the company? Both are responsible. Every person has to decide what is right for him or her. However, it is the company's responsibility to permit discussion about the issue.

Experts say more companies are trying to help their employees meet the demands of work and family. Some companies have policies that permit employees to spend less time at work and more time at home. These policies include non-traditional work plans. For example, some people work only part-time, which is less than 40 hours a week. Sometimes two workers share one job. Each person works 20 hours a week. Some people are able to set the hours and days they work. For example, they begin work very early in the morning, so they can be home in the afternoon. Or they work 10 hours a day for four days. Then they can spend three days of the week at home. And more and more employees are working from their homes by using computers.

Experts say balancing work and family is forcing Americans to develop special skills. These include making the best use of personal and family time, building trusting relationships at work, and asking supervisors and family members for help. Balancing work and family also means that Americans are learning to make compromises in their lives. They are learning that sometimes it is not possible to do it all or to have it all.

Listen to the following statements. Pay special attention to the parts in bold type. Learn to appreciate and use the language.

1 to raise the root

Remember how angry you got when my ex-girlfriend called the other day? I thought you're gonna raise the roof.

2 to start a business

I am going to start my own business after I graduate.

3 to report(a lost wallet)

I guss I will take it to the police station and see if anyone's repooted a lost wallet.

4 a means to an end

I regard work as a means to an end.

5 to compensate for

I find a comfortable life compensate for the fact that I have a routine life and three weeks holiday per year.

6 to give somebody mental satisfaction

Work gives me the mental satisfaction I need and a role in society.

7 to make(definite/strict/harsh)rules

these parents made definite rules.They werestrict,both not harsh.

8 to correct one's behavior by rewards/punishment

They correcter their son's behavior by rewards,not by punishment.

9 to make compromise

Balancing work and family als means that Americans are learning to make compromise in theur lives.

Unit 6 Shaping and Reshaping Personality (II) Tape-script: Part I A

1. Tea contains natural chemicals. These chemicals block the action of some substances produced in the bodies that cause cancer. Tea contains the same substances in fruits and vegetables. Drinking tea could protect people's health.

2. Cigarette smokers of any age reduce their risk of developing lung cancer when they stop smoking. It is never too late to stop smoking.

3. Walking has a good effect on the heart because it reduces blood pressure, blood sugar and blood cholesterol level. It is never too late to start exercising.

4. Vitamins are necessary for good health. However, extremely large amounts of some vitamins may cause health problems. It is far better to get vitamins from eating fresh, natural food than from taking vitamin pills.

5. Laughter is one of the most wonderful releases. It releases the chemical that is life-enhancing and life-elongating. It heals wounds and promotes a healthier being. B. Tapescript:

The United States government's Office of Research on Women's Health is observing its tenth anniversary. During those ten years it has made important discoveries about differences in the health of men and women. Studies organized by the Office of Research on Women's Health have shown that differences between men and women can influence medical treatment.

For example, researchers learned that men and women can react differently to a heart attack. Men

usually have chest pain. But women may not. Instead, they may suffer pain in the abdomen. They also may have stomach sickness and feel very tired. Women may not recognize that they are having a heart attack.

Research also has shown that the brains of men and women use the chemical serotonin differently. Serotonin helps prevent the condition of continued severe sadness called depression. Men's brains use serotonin much more effectively than women's brains do. This may help explain why women suffer depression two or three times more often than men do.

Other research shows that alcohol affects men and women differently. Men and women in one experiment drank the same amount of alcoholic drinks. Then researchers measured their blood for alcohol levels. The women had higher levels of alcohol in their blood. Women produce less of a substance called gastric alcohol dehydrogenase. This causes them to break down alcohol more slowly than men

Tape-script:

Part I Warming up A

.Women competed in Olympic events for the first time in Paris in 1900. .In 1924, the first Winter Games were held in Chamonix.

.In 1932, the first Olympic village was built to accommodate athletes in Los Angeles. .In 1936 in Berlin TV cameras broadcast Olympic events for the first time.

.The 1956 Olympics in Melbourne were the first Olympic Games to be held in the southern hemisphere.

.Tokyo hosted the first Asian Olympics in 19.

.In 1972 for the first time, over one billion TV viewers watched the Munich Olympic opening ceremony. B.

Tapescript.

IOC stands for International Olympic Committee, which governs the Olympics in general. It was founded in Paris on 23 June 14. Its headquarters are in the Swiss city of Lausanne. Its official languages are English and French. IOC members come from five different continents -- Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. They choose Olympic cities six years in advance. All the Olympic movement's rules are contained in a book called The Olympic Charter.

There's an Olympic Museum and Studies Center in Lausanne. It contains posters, documents, medals, books, photos, paintings, films and sculptures.

The International Olympic Academy is a special center at Olympia in Greece. People involved in sport go there every summer to study the Olympic movement's history, ideals and future. C.

Q1 Why are they called \"the Olympic Games\"? first held/Olympia/Greece

Q2 How long do the Summer Games last? Approx. 2 weeks

Q3 There are Winter Games too, aren't there?

1924/ since then/ same years/ Summer/ after 1992/ between Q4 What do the five circles on the Olympic flag represent?

five continents/ blue, black, red, yellow, green, white/ national flag Q5 When did the tradition of the Olympic flame begin?

flame/ancient Games/modern Games/1928/symbol/-perfection & victory/Olympia Q6 All Olympic athletes have to be amateurs, don't they? yes/no money/only medals

Q7 What happens at the Opening Ceremony?

display/ host country/ flame lit/ flag raised/ Olympic oaths/opened by monarch or political leader Q8 What's the motto of the Olympic movement? faster, higher, stronger Tapescript.

Q1 Why are they called \"the Olympic Games\"?

Because they were first held at a place called Olympia in ancient Greece (until 393 AD). There have been two

Olympic eras -- ancient and modern. The modern era began in 16.

Q2 How long do the Summer Games last? Approximately two weeks.

Q3 There are Winter Games too, aren't there?

Yes. They began in 1924. Since then they had always been held in the same years as the Summer Games. After 1992, they took place between Summer Games.

Q4 What do the five circles on the Olympic flag represent?

They stand for the five continents. Each circle is a different color- blue, black, red, yellow and green (all against a white background). Every national flag in the world contains one or more of these six colors.

Q5 When did the tradition of the Olympic flame begin?

There was always a flame at the ancient Games, but it wasn't included in modern Games until 1928 (in Amsterdam). The flame is a symbol of a search for perfection and victory. It's lit at Olympia from the rays of the sun. Then it's carried to the Games by a series of runners (or sometimes by air for part of the journey). It burns in the stadium from start to finish at every Olympics.

Q6 All Olympic athletes have to be amateurs, don't they? Yes. Nobody wins any money -- only medals. That's because the most important thing at the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part.

Q7 What happens at the Opening Ceremony?

There's a huge display of song, dance and music by people from the host country. The flame is lit.

The Olympic flag is raised and one athlete says these words: \"In the name of all competitors, I promise that we will take part in the Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams. ' The Games are officially opened by the host country's monarch or political leader. Q8 What's the motto of the Olympic movement?

\"Citius, altius, fortius' which is Latin for \"Faster, higher, stronger. '

Part II Sydney 2000 Tape-script: A

The world's most famous sports event is the Olympic Games. Five million people are expected to attend the Summer Olympic Games this year in Sydney, Australia. They include leaders and officials from many countries. About 15,000 reporters are there. More than 3,000 million people are expected to watch the Games on television.

More than 10,000 athletes from 200 countries will compete in 28 different sports in the Summer Games. They will be trying to win medals -- gold for first, silver for second and bronze for third -- in about 300 events. New additions to the Summer Olympics this year include synchronized diving, women's weight lifting, trampoline, women's pole vault and the triathlon.

The 2000 Summer Olympic Games will end October 1st, after 16 days of competition. The next Summer Games will be held 4 years from now, in Athens, Greece.

Another international sports event will take place in Sydney following the Summer Olympics. The Paralympic Games will be held from October 18th to 29th. All the athletes who compete in the Paralympics have a physical disability. About 4,000 disabled athletes will compete this year. The Summer Olympic and the Winter Olympic Games used to be held in the same year, every 4 years. Now, however, they are separated. The next Winter Games are less than 2 years away. The western American city of Salt Lake City, Utah is busy preparing for the Winter Olympics of 2002. B

Tapescript.

Three members of the same American family will compete in Sydney. Hazel Clark, Jearl

Miller-Clark and Joetta ClarkDiggs are all members of the track and field team. Hazel and Joetta are sisters. Jearl is married to their brother, J.J. Clark. He is the coach for all three women.

It is unusual for members of the same family to compete in the Olympics. But it has been done. Jackie Joyner-Kersee and her brother's wife Florence Griffith Joyner both competed in past Olympics. But they did not compete in the same event.

The Clarks do. They all compete in the 800 meter women's foot race. Hazel Clark is the youngest in the Clark family of runners. She was the fastest in the Olympic trials. Her brother's wife, Jearl Miller-Clark, was second. Jearl has already won medals in two earlier Olympic Games. Joetta Clark-Diggs finished third. She is the oldest, at thirty-seven.

That was the first time three family members finished first, second and third in the same United States Olympic trials race. And this will be the first time three Americans competing in one

Olympic race are from one family. Many people will be watching the 800 meter race to see if the three members of the Clark family can win all three medals.

One American athlete who will compete in the Summer Olympics is already a Paralympics champion. Her name is Maria Runyan. She won the 100, 200 and 400 meter races and the long jump at the 1992 Paralympics. She also won the pentathlon competition in 1996. This year, she will become the first legally blind athlete in the Summer Olympic Games.

Marla Runyan suffers from an incurable eye problem. She has been legally blind since she was

nine years old. She has been taking part in track events since she was in high school.

Maria Runyan will compete in the women's 1,500 meter foot race at the Sydney Games. She says her goal was not to be the first legally blind Olympian. She just wanted to take part in the Olympics. But her story has helped other disabled people find the strength to try to reach their goals. And Maria Runyan says that makes her feel very good. Statements:

1. The Clark family is the first American family of which three members will compete in one Olympic race.

2. Hazel Clark is the faster in the Clark family of runners. She has already won medals in earlier Olympic events.

3. Maria Runyan will be the first legally blind athlete in the Summer Olympic Games.

4. Maria Runyan will take part in the women's long jump and 1,500 meter foot race at the Sydney Olympic Games.

5. Many disabled people are greatly encouraged by Maria Runyan's story.

Part III News from the Olympics A

Fighting Against Drug Use

Punishment for those using drugs:

before an event -- banned from the competition after winning an event -- losing the medal

Measurements taken by IOC to intensify the campaign: testing more Olympic athletes more often than ever Difficulty in finding the drugs:

drugs -- leaving the body in just a few hours

increased urine production hiding the presence of banned drugs Examples of some banned drugs:

Possible dangers mused by banned drugs: thickening the blood causing an enlarged heart

damaging the reproductive system causing death Tapescript:

Over the next two weeks, 10,000 athletes from 200 countries will compete in the Summer Games in Sydney, Australia. They will try to live by the Olympic saying, \"Faster, higher, stronger.' But in the world of sports, experts say too many athletes use performance - improving drugs to reach these goals.

The International Olympic Committee says drug use risks the health of athletes and violates the rules of sport. If an athlete fails a drug test before an event, he or she is banned from the competition. Athletes who fail a test after winning an event lose their medals. This year, the IOC says it is testing more Olympic athletes more often than ever.

The International Olympic Committee bans six kinds of substances and three methods of

increasing performance. One group of banned drugs is anabolic steroids. These substances

increase muscle strength. Experts say that some fast-acting steroids now leave the body in just a few hours. That makes them extremely difficult to find.

Another banned drug is known as EPO. Erythropoietin increases the production of red blood cells. Officials at the Sydney Olympics are testing for EPO for the first time this year. But experts say the officials may not find any if an athlete stopped taking the drug about a week before the Games began.

Another banned substance is human growth hormone, which builds muscle size and strength. Others increase the production of red blood cells. They also increase urine production, which can hide the presence of banned drugs.

Many of these banned substances are dangerous. They can thicken the blood, cause an enlarged heart, or damage the reproductive system. They can even kill. B.

Tapescript:

The Olympics in Sydney, Australia, is being called the first environmentally-friendly Games in history. Olympic organizers and environmental groups are trying to protect the environment during the Summer Games. Organizers say they hope these environmental efforts will be an example for other large sporting events.

Seven years ago, Sydney competed with other cities to hold the Olympics. Sydney won the Games.

Olympic organizers have reached many of their goals. They are saving energy by increasing the use of solar power. They built structures with materials that can be treated and used again. Half of all water used during the Games comes from rainwater. And people are using buses and modern trains instead of cars to get to the Games. Even the historic Olympic Torch has become cleaner. Almost 3,000 people are involved in removing waste products 24 hours a day from the area of the games. A large amount of the waste material is being reused. Paper containers for holding food are made of a cornstarch material that breaks down in the environment. This waste will be taken to a giant worm farm to be eaten by worms.

Environmental activists are praising the use of energy from the sun for houses in the Olympic village. Athletes are staying in them during the Games. Organizers say they hope to repeat their environmental efforts at future Olympic Games.

Listen to the following statements you have learned in the previous and present units.Pay special attention to the parts in bold type.Learn to appreciate and use the language. 1.to reduce the spread of(a virus/a disease)

Health experts say washing your hands reduces the spread of viruses and other organisms that cause disease.

Experts say hand washing is the simplest and most effective way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.

2.to be blamed on...

In assition, millions of food poisoning cases each year are blamed on people who prepare food who do not wash their hands.

The spread of infections often is blamed on health workers who do not wash their hands after treating patients.

3.to have the chance of developing...

Researchers say one out of ten persons in the world has the chance of developing a major depression at some time.

4.to vent one's anger on/upon...

I use any excuse to vent my anger on anybody.

Sleepless nights, I'm full of anger and my anger does not ebb away unless I use a thing or somebody to vent it upon. 5.from start to finish

It burns in the stadium from start to finish at every Olympics. 6.in the name of.../to abide by.../in the spirit of...

In the name of all competitors, I promise that we will take part in the Olympic Gamesm,

respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams. 7.to break down in the environment

Paper containers for holding food are made of a cornstarch material that breaks down in the environment.

Part I Warming up Tape-script: A

What is the most popular sport in the United States? That may be an impossible question to answer. There are different meanings of the words \"most popular.\"

One way to measure the popularity of a sport is by the number of people who pay to watch it played by professional teams. Experts say the most popular American sport by that measure is baseball. Each professional baseball team plays 162 games every season.

Or the popularity of a sport can be measured by the number of people who watch games on television or listen on the radio. Then the answer might be American football.

And the popularity of a sport could be measured by the number of people who play the sport instead of just watch it. The answer, in this case, is the game people in the United States call soccer. It says more than 18 million people play soccer in the United States. B

Tapescript:

Right, everybody. Stand up straight. Now bend forward and down to touch your toes- and up -- and down -- and up. Arms by your sides. Raise your right knee as high as you can. Hold your leg with both hands and pull your knee back against your body. Keep your backs straight. Now lower your leg and do the same with your left knee -- up -- pull towards you -- and down. Move your feet further apart,' bend your elbows, and raise your arms to shoulder level. Squeeze your fists tightly in front of your chest. Now push your elbows back- keep your head up! And relax ... Feet together, and put your hands on your hips. Now bend your knees and stretch your arms out in front of you. Hold that position -- now up. Stretch your arms out to the sides at shoulder height, palms

up. Rotate your arm in small circles- that's right -- and now the other way. Now stand with your hands clasped behind your neck and your legs apart. Bend over to the left, slowly, but as far as you can. And slowly up. And down to the right. And up. OK -- if we're all warmed up now, let's begin!

A.key words:neighbors football match fans trouble large crowds

vocabulary:affectionate/aggressive/knockout /smash/monster/terrace/rugby/Wimbledon Tapescript:

1.M:I have neighbors who,who are very nice,friendly,warm,affectionate people,and I live near a football ground,Tottenham,and on Saturday I avoid them,because they come back from the match about 6 o'clock,7 o'clock drunk,aggressive--they scream,they shout,and...After the World Cup Fi-,after the World Cup when England got knocked out, I was in my local pub and they came in and they started pushing people around and smashing glasses,and I was really frightened and I walked out, and I don't understand, I really don't understand what it is about a football match that can turn ordinary, friendly people into monsters.

2.JE:But do you think that's so of a lot of football fans?I mean,I've heard other people say they've gone to football matches and there's been absolutely no trouble in the terraces at all,and people have been...sat there, you know,quite happily,opposing teams next to each other.

J:Oh but it obviously does happen a lot. I mean, you see it on the news.What happens when British fans go to Europe? There's always trouble,isn't there?

M:Well, but it's ,it's not...it's ...In Brazil,for example, where I've also been to football matches,people go to enjoy themselves,and there's no aggression or violence, or...there's nothing like that.It seems peculiarly, it seems particular to England and a few other countries that football provides people with the opportunity to show their most violent, aggressive natures.

3.A:But perhaps it's just a function of people getting together in crowds, large groups of people getting into enclosed spaces together.

J:But large crowds go to other kinds of matches--go to rugby matches, go to Wimbledonto watch tennis...

M:Go to pop concerts...

J:If they go to Wimbledon to watch tennis, they sit there silently throughout.

A:Yes,but it's interesting that one of the solutions that the police have, think might work is to have all-seater matches, for example, where everybody's seated... B

key words:sport goodwill competitive win mimic warfare attitude

vocabulary:cricket/inclination/orgy/deduce/utmost/patriotism/disgrace/combative/instinct/mimic/warfare/spectator/absurd/at any rate/virtue Tapescript;

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common people of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples(the 1936 Olympic Games,for instance) that international sporting contests led to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

Nearly all the sports practiced nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little

meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators；and, behind the spectators,of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. 25

Part III Extracurricular activities A.

Outline

I. The speaker's self-introduction

A. occupation: a secondary school teacher B. involvement in extracurricular activities 1. primarily in the sports field

2. supporting many of the other areas

II. Extracurricular activities offered in the school A. sporting activities 1. an inter-school activity 2. an intramural activity B. the music program 1. two parts a. band

b. chorus/choir

2. advantage: good for the students' personal development 3. specialty groups

a. jazz band b. jazz singers

C. other extracurricular activities

1. a math club 2. a science club 3. an annual club 4. a newspaper club 5. an outdoors club 6. a chess club 7. a cooking club

III The reasons why these extracurricular activities are offered A. helping students fill their time in a positive way

B. helping students build skills which may be used for their future vocation C. providing fun and enjoyment

1. for teachers, in sponsoring the activities 2. for students, in participating the activities B. Tapescript.

It is my pleasure today to tell you a little bit about extracurricular activities at the secondary school level in British Columbia.

I have been teaching in the town of Cotney, a small town of about 10,000 people, 130 miles north

of Victoria on Vancouver Island. I've been teaching at the junior secondary level, Grades 7, 8 and 9 and as well (as) the senior secondary level, Grades 10, 11 and 12.

My involvement in extracurricular activities has been quite broad, primarily in the sports field, but also in supporting many of the other areas in the school. But let me get into specifics about what kinds of things are offered in our schools here.

We have two different kinds of sporting activities. One of them is what we call an inter-school activity where one school competes against another. And that level of sport is reserved just for the elite athletes of the school, the very good athletes. We also have an intramural program, which means within the walls of the school so that every student in the school is invited to participate. It is, it's focused largely on participation and many of our students do participate. We have over 60 percent of our student body involved in our intramural program.

But let me not focus just on sports. There is another very large area of extracurricular activity in the music program. The music program is broken into two main parts. One is band and one is chorus. Chorus is also known as choir. But most often we refer to it as chorus. We encourage many students to be involved in music, but it is a choice for them, it isn't compulsory. But we feel that being involved in music is very good for the personal development of our students, so we encourage it very much. There are some specialty groups as well. There is a jazz band. There are jazz singers.

There are a host of other extracurricular activities. And I'I1 just run through a list... We have a math club in our school, we have a science club, we have an annual club, we have a newspaper club, we have an outdoors club, we have a chess club, and we have a cooking club.

That sums up the list of activities. But I should tell you why we offer these extracurricular activities. Many of our students come to school on buses. Seventy percent of our students travel by bus. Only 30 percent can walk to school that are close enough to walk. They really look for activities to fill their time in a positive way before their bus comes each evening. And sometimes they get to school an hour before classes begin in the morning, so they need to fill their time positively without just hanging around. And these extracurricular activities help fill that time in a very positive way. As well as filling time, they are actually building skills, the skills which can sometimes be used for their vocation later on. And last but not least is the sheer fun and enjoyment. The teachers have fun sponsoring the activities and the students have fun participating. Extracurricular activities are a very important and enjoyable part of all of our school day. Statements:

1. There are about 100,000 residents in the town of Cotney. F

2. The speaker only teaches the senior secondary school students. F

3. Only the excellent athletes of the school can take part in the inter-school activities. T 4. All students have to be involved in the music program offered in the school. F 5. Only 30 percent of the students can go to school on foot. T Part III Extracurricular activities A.

Outline

I. The speaker's self-introduction

A. occupation: a secondary school teacher B. involvement in extracurricular activities 1. primarily in the sports field

2. supporting many of the other areas

II. Extracurricular activities offered in the school A. sporting activities 1. an inter-school activity 2. an intramural activity B. the music program 1. two parts a. band

b. chorus/choir

2. advantage: good for the students' personal development 3. specialty groups

a. jazz band b. jazz singers

C. other extracurricular activities

1. a math club 2. a science club 3. an annual club 4. a newspaper club 5. an outdoors club 6. a chess club 7. a cooking club

III The reasons why these extracurricular activities are offered A. helping students fill their time in a positive way

B. helping students build skills which may be used for their future vocation C. providing fun and enjoyment

1. for teachers, in sponsoring the activities 2. for students, in participating the activities B. Tapescript.

It is my pleasure today to tell you a little bit about extracurricular activities at the secondary school level in British Columbia.

I have been teaching in the town of Cotney, a small town of about 10,000 people, 130 miles north of Victoria on Vancouver Island. I've been teaching at the junior secondary level, Grades 7, 8 and 9 and as well (as) the senior secondary level, Grades 10, 11 and 12.

There are a host of other extracurricular activities. And I'I1 just run through a list... We have a

math club in our school, we have a science club, we have an annual club, we have a newspaper club, we have an outdoors club, we have a chess club, and we have a cooking club.

1. There are about 100,000 residents in the town of Cotney. F

2. The speaker only teaches the senior secondary school students. F

Part IV Short talks on listening skills Represent the Ideas Clear and Clean -- Outlining

Outlining is a method of classifying and organizing ideas. It is a skill very useful to language learners when they are taking lecture notes, reading, or writing a paper.

In listening, the skill of outlining reflects, to a certain extent, the listener's ability in understanding how the facts or ideas, or the scattered pieces of information are related to one another.

People generally use a system of Roman numerals, Arabic numbers, and letters to show relationships. There is a kind of standard form for using these symbols to show which ideas are most important. The symbols used, in order of decreasing importance, are Roman numerals (I. II. HI .... ), capital letters (A. B. C .... ), Arabic numbers (1. 2. 3 .... ), small letters (a. b. c .... ), and numbers in parentheses [(1) (2) (3) ... 3].

The placement of the topics on paper is also important. The most important items are entered farther to the left. Lesser items are entered farther and farther to the right. Headings of equal importance are indented the same distance from the left margin. The purpose of this indentation is to make each idea easy to see and also to show just how it is related to the ideas before and after it. No punctuation is needed at the end of an idea unless it is written as a complete sentence.

Outlining, as a fairly comprehensive and effective method in language learning, certainly deserves our attention and practice, particularly for advanced listeners. 27

Unit 9 Everybody Can Help the Environment

Part I Warming up Tape-script: Part I

1. Buy fresh food that doesn't need a lot of packaging.

2. Try to buy \"organic\" fruit and vegetables from farmers who don't use chemicals.

3. Save as much water as possible.

4. Use products that won't stay forever in the earth or sea when you throw them away. 5. Use bottles more than once or take them to a bottle bank.

6. Try to save paper. Also, buy and use recycled paper as often as possible. 7. Avoid \"throw-away\" products.

8. Make sure that your family and friends use unleaded petrol in their cars.

9. Don't buy products (fur or ivory, for example) made from rare or protected species. 10. Use public transportation as often as possible.

11. If you're buying wood, don't choose hardwood from tropical rainforests. 12. Look for aerosols which haven't got any CFCs in them.

13. Don't buy hamburgers or pizzas in plastic boxes which contain CFCs.

14. Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more energy to make them than they produce.

15. Don't leave on electric lights, TV, hi-fi, etc., if you're not using them.

16. Find out more about Conservation issues in your area. Are there any woods or fields in danger, for example?

17. Try to throw away at least 25% less rubbish.

18. Help old people in your area to insulate their homes. This saves energy and helps to keep them warm in winter.

19. Visit any local nature reserves or zoos and talk to the people who run them. 28

Part I Warming up Tapescript. A

1. EU -- The European Union, is the result of a process of cooperation and integration which began in 1951 between six countries. Today it has fifteen member states and its mission is to organize relations between the member states and between their peoples in a coherent manner and on the basis of solidarity.

2. FAO- Food and Agricultural Organization, was established in 1945 as an autonomous organization related to the United Nations. Its headquarters is in Rome.

3. IMF- International Monetary Fund, is an autonomous body affiliated with the United Nations. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C.

4. OECD -- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, also known as a rich man's club, was formed in 1961 with its secretariat in Paris. It groups 29 member countries in an organization to discuss and develop economic and social policy.

5. WHO- The World Health Organization; is a specialized agency of the United Nations. WHO was formed in 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva.

6. WTO -- The World Trade Organization, was formed on January 1st, 1995 as successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations, with its secretariat in Geneva. B.

Tapescript:

1. APEC -- The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, established in 19, has since become the primary regional vehicle for promoting open trade and practical economic cooperation among Asia-Pacific economies. Its secretariat is located in Singapore.

2. ASEAN -- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to promote political and economic cooperation among the member countries. Now it encompasses all ten countries of Southeast Asia by admitting Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar.

3. NATO -- The North Atlantic Treat~, was created by a treaty signed in 1949 among Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Greece, Turkey and Germany later joined the organization.

4. NASA -- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is a government agency in the U. S.

5. OPEC -- The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was created in 1960. Among its members are Algeria, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia. 6. UNESCO- The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is an agent of the UN with its headquarters in Paris.

7. UNICEF -- The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, an integral part of the United Nations system, was created at the end of World War II to relieve the suffering of children in war torn Europe. For more than 53 years UNICEF has been helping governments, communities and families make the world a better place for children. Its headquarters is in New York. C

Tapescript

1. Arab leaders have ended an emergency summit in Cairo.

2. Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji has arrived in the Middle Western City of Chicago, Illinois. It is the fourth stop on his 9-day visit to the United States.

3. FINLAND- Citizens have elected their country's first woman President of the Social Democratic Party.

4. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat have met for the first time in two months.

5. AT THE UNITED NATIONS -- Portugal and Indonesia have reestablished diplomatic relations. 6. South Korean President Kim Dae Jung has been named the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. 7. Tens of thousands of people in France have held demonstrations against growing unemp1oment. 8. Two French newsmen held hostage for two and one half months are flying home to France. 9. Two hundred more families separated by the Korean War have been reunited. 29

Part II News items A.

Now listen to the first pair. Complete the summary for the news items and answer the questions you hear on the tape.

1. The news items are about the talks between Palestinian leader and Egyptian President on Middle East peace efforts and Mr. Arafat's view on the opening of the U.S. embassy in east Jerusalem. 2.

a. WHEN? On Tuesday.

b. WHAT? It sealed off a West Bank village near Nabulus. Tapescript:

1. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat has met in Egypt with President Hosni Mubarak. They discussed Middle East peace efforts. Later, Mr. Arafat said the United States should open its embassy for Palestinians in east Jerusalem. Last month, President Clinton said he was considering moving the American embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. On Tuesday, Mr. Clinton travels to Cairo for talks with Mr. Mubarak.

2. Palestinian leader Yasser Ararat met with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak Saturday to review the status of Israeli Palestinian peace negotiations. On returning to Gaza from the Egyptian port city of Alexandria, Mr. Arafat suggested the United States open its embassy for Palestinians in east Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the Israeli army has sealed off a West Bank village near the town of Nfibulus. Witnesses say the sound of guns could be heard as Israeli helicopters circled over Ashila Ashamalia. Questions.

a. When will Mr. Clinton travel to Cairo?

b. What was the Israeli army doing at the same time?

B Now Listen to the second pair of news items. Complete the news summary and answer the questions you hear on the tape.

l. The news items are about the building of a railroad and a road that link Pyongyang and Seoul. 2.

a. WHEN? On Monday.

b. WHAT? A special road that 'will connect Northeast Asia to Europe through China and Russia.

c. WHAT? They will remove underground bombs/clear land mines at the border. d. WHEN? In one year. Tapescript

1. SOUTH KOREA -- Work will begin Monday on a new railroad and a road that will link Pyongyang in North Korea and Seoul in South Korea. The first railroad was cut at the beginning of the Korean War 50 years ago. South Korean President Kim Dae Jung has called the new !ink \"a special road that will connect Northeast Asia to Europe through China and Russia. ' Thousands of soldiers on both sides will put down their weapons to help with the 20-kilometer transportation project. Officials said the soldiers will remove tens of thousands of underground bombs.

2. South Korea begins work in just hours on a railway and highway, linking the capitals of the two Koreas, a sign of growing reconciliation after a half century of hostility. Starting on Monday, thousands of soldiers from both the North and South put aside their weapons to help with the work. Among other things, the soldiers must clear land mines within the demilitarized zone at the border.

The project should be completed in one year. Questions.

a. When will the project begin?

b. What does President Kim Dae Jung call the new link?

c. What will the soldiers on both sides do to help with the work? d. When will the project be finished?

C Here is the final pair of news items. Listen carefully, complete the news summary and answer the following questions you hear on the tape.

1. The two news items are about the talks among the Presidents of South Africa, Nigeria and Zimbabwe on the political and economic problems in Zimbabwe. 2. a. WHAT? The land reform program.

b. HOW MANY? Most of the 4,500 farms/several thousand farms.

c. WHY? Because the government wants to give them to the blacks who have no land. Tapescript:

1. HARARE -- South African President Thabo Mbeki has arrived in Zimbabwe for talks with President Robert Mugabe. They are to discuss the political and economic problems of Zimbabwe Nigerian President Olusegtm Obasanjo is expected to join the talks when he arrives in Harare later Thursday. Officials say the main discussion will be about Zimbabwe's disputed land reform program. The government plans to seize most of the 4,500 farms owned by whites and give them to blacks who have no land.

2. Presidents of South Africa and Nigeria are meeting in Harare with their Zimbabwean counterpart for talks focusing on the country's social and economic crisis. Officials say Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's controversial land reform program will be on the agenda. His government has identified several thousand white-owned farms it plans to redistribute to landless blacks without compensations for the owners. Questions:

a. What will the main discussion be about?

b. How many farms does the government plan to seize from the whites? c. Why does the government plan to seize those farms? 30

Part III Israel early elections

A. The political situation in Israel Former Prime Minister: Mr. Benjamin Netaanyaahu

Mr. Barak winning a victory over Netanyahu in 1999

Ariel Sharon's visit to a holy place in Jerusalem, resulting in violence in the West Bank and Gaza Mr. Barak losing support for his failure

a. to end the violence in the West Bank and Gaza, and b. to reach a final peace agreement with the Palestinians Mr. Barak's announcement

to call early elections in April or May Possible candidates for Prime Minister: a. Ehud Barak: leader of the Labor Party b. Ariel Sharon: leader of the Likud Party

c. Benjamin Netanyahu: a Likud Party member

B. Now Listen to the news report again and answer the following questions with key words. 1. How many people died in the violence in the West Bank and Gaza? about 300 people

2. When did Israel occupy the West Bank and Gaza? in 1967

3. What proposals did Mr. Barak offer to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat? Did Yasser Arafat accept them? Palestinian rule/over 90%/the West Bank and Gaza/rejected 4. Why did Ariel Sharon visit Jerusalem? show Israeli control/Holy City 5. What do the Palestinians want?

a permanent agreement Palestine/east Jerusalem/capital Tapescript:

Israel has begun to prepare for early elections expected in April or May. Prime Minister Ehud Barak agreed to call early elections in a surprise announcement this week. Parliament had threatened to dismiss his government and force new elections.

Mr. Barak has lost support for failing to end the violence in the West Bank and Gaza. About 300 people have died so far, mostly Palestinians. Israel took control of those areas in the 1967 war. Palestinian protesters demand an end to Israeli occupation.

Mr. Barak is also blamed for failing to reach a final peace agreement in talks near Washington in July. Mr. Barak offered Palestinian rule over 90 percent of the West Bank and Gaza. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat rejected his proposals.

Mr. Barak is a former general who campaigned for office on promises to work for peace. He heads the Labor Party. Israelis elected him to a four-year term in May of 1999. Mr. Barak won a huge victory over former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

Mr. Netanyahu withdrew from politics after his defeat. But observers say he is preparing for a return. In fact, they say he could defeat Ariel Sharon, the leader of the opposition Likud Party, as that party's candidate for Prime Minister.

Many people blame Ariel Sharon for the current situation in the Palestinian territories. The violence began in September, after he visited a holy place in Jerusalem sacred to both Muslims and Jews. With him were hundreds of Israeli soldiers and police. He said he wanted to show Israeli control over the Holy City,

For the past several weeks, Prime Minister Barak had been seeking an emergency coalition with Likud in an effort to end the violence. But he refused to give Mr. Sharon the power to veto peace efforts. Ariel Sharon is strongly disliked among Arabs for his part in Israel's invasion of southern Lebanon.

Mr. Barak will remain Prime Minister until the elections. Experts say in order for him to win a second term, he must reduce the violence in the West Bank and Gaza. They say he also needs a major peace deal with the Palestinians.

The Palestinians say they want a permanent agreement, one that would create an independent

Palestine with east Jerusalem as its capital. 31

Part 4 Short talks on listening skills

Listen to the short talks entitled \"The 'Inverted Pyramid' in News Reporting.\" Some important words are taken away from the written passage. Supply the missing words. The \"Inverted Pyramid\" in News Reporting

Broadcasting news in English has some particular characteristics, such as its style, it's structure, the choice of words, and the logical order of presentation, etc.

The standardized narrative procedure in news reporting is often called the \"inverted pyramid.\" That is to say, the most important information is usually included in the news lead. And a news lead, in a sense, is also a condensed form of a ccomplete news story. Each succeeding sentence becomes less significant, providing further information on the \"who,\" \"what,\" \"when\" or \"how.\" If we want to sum up a certain news item, we can take words from either inside or outside the news stories. We can say, for example, \"this news item is about somebody's view on something\" or \"it's about the relationship betweem country A or country B.\" Other words such as comments, remarks, attitudes, analysis can also be very useful.

Apart from current news, radio reports on some breakthroughs in science and technology also help update our knowledge about the world. However,vocabulary has proved to be a problem that often hinders our understanding of the new information. Therefore, in order to enhance our ability in listening, words that frequently appear in some popular science programs should be carefully stutied. Beside, if we have a close examination of the experiment reports, we may find that they are often devided into different parts or paragraphs on the \"subjects,\" the \"test or experiment procedure,\"the \"observations,\" the \"findings or results\" and so on. This kind of knowledge also helps us in following the latest developments in science. 32

Part I Warming up Tape-script: A.

1. British Aerospace plans to buy the part of General Electric Company of Britain that makes defense electronics. The deal is worth $25,000,000,000.

2. Canada will hold a meeting of American leaders in April to discuss trade and economic issues. Canada now has a trade surplus of $161,000,000 a year with Central America.

3. Owners of MCI Communications have agreed to sell the company to the American communications company WorldCom. The price is $37,000,000,000 in stock. WorldCom defeated a 28,000,000,000-dollar offer by GGE. MCI also refused the British company Telecom's offer to unite the two companies by an agreement worth about $24,000,000,000.

4. President Clinton will release 30,000,000 barrels of oil from the United States emergency supply. The move is designed to ease heating oil shortage expected this year.

5. RANGOON -- The United Nations and the World Bank have offered Burma $1,000,000,000 in aid. A UN special diplomat made the Offer to Burmese leaders last month.

6. Representatives of the six nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council have agreed to common import taxes. Officials at the meeting in Riyad said representatives agreed to set the common tax on some goods at 5.5 %. The tax on other goods will be 7.5%.

7. The New York Stock Exchange halted trading early after suffering one of the worst market drops in history. Stock prices fell more than 550 points. That is a loss of more than 7%.

8.United States' Central Bank officials are reducing interest rates for the third time this year. The bank officials cut by 0.25% the rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans. That rate now will be 4.75%. The Central Bank made the same reduction in the rate it charges member banks for overnight loans. The rate now will be 4.5%. B. Tapescript

1. Angry demonstrators are increasing their protests against rising fuel prices. World oil prices have reached a ten-year high of about $35 a barrel.

2. China has opened a meeting of African nations. Representatives of more than 40 African nations are attending the three day meeting in Beijing.

3. Dutch Prime Minister says the Czech Republic could become a member of the European Union by early 2003. The Prime Minister told reporters that the final date would be decided by a conference of EU members.

4. Finance ministers and Central Bank governors of seven leading industrial nations are meeting in Washington. Officials from Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United States are attending the meeting.

5. Iran and Saudi Arabia say they will try to reduce the amount of oil now on the world market in an attempt to increase the low prices that are harming their economies.

6. Leaders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries have urged rich countries to lower oil prices by cutting taxes on oil products.

7. Leaders of the ten-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations have promised to speed efforts to increase trade and to bring peace and security to the area. They made the statement at the end of their yearly meeting in Manila.

8. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board has told a senate committee that he will support policies that keep inflation low.

9. The United States and Japan have signed an agreement that will open Japanese ports to foreign companies.

10. And in Singapore, Prime Minister says his country's economy has increased almost 4 percent for the first half of 1999. Experts say the country has become a leading manufacturing and financial center. 33

Part II News items

A. Now listen to the first pair. Then summarize the news according to the cues given. Event: the World Trade Organization(WTO)meeting City: Seattle

Starting time: not clear Finishing time: Friday.

Contentious issues: agriculture trade barriers, environmental and labor concerns

Possible outcome: no agreement/ consensus on plans for a new round of talks Tapescript:

1. SEATTLE -- The World Trade Organization meeting is about to end. There is no sign of agreement on plans for another series of world trade talks. The meeting is to end later Friday. Trade negotiators still disagree about agriculture trade barriers, environmental and labor concerns and other issues. President Clinton supports demands by protesters to link the protection of worker rights to trade agreements. Some delegates from developing nations reject the idea as another kind of trade barrier. Many trade ministers at the WTO meeting say they do not think an agreement will be reached Friday.

2. The World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle enters its final day with delegates divided over several issues that could threaten future trade talks. Some trade ministers from the WTO say they will work hard to reach agreement on an agenda for a new round of talks but many delegates say they are not optimistic a consensus will be achieved. Among the contentious issues are agriculture trade barriers, antidumping rules, and environmental concerns.

B. Now listen to the second pair of news items. Complete the news summary and briefly answer the questions you hear on the tape.

1. The news items talk about a trade agreement reached between Mexico and EU. 2.

a. more than one year

b. remove/95% +/trade barriers between EU and Mexico c. more and better jobs/new possibilities/Mexican businesses d. the U. S./Canada e. on July 1st, 2000 Tapescript:

I. Mexico has reached a major trade agreement with the European Union following more than a year of negotiations. Ell Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy spoke to reporters in Brussels after completing talks with Mexican Trade Minister. Mr. Lamy says the agreement will remove more than 95 percent of the trade restrictions between the European Union and Mexico. The agreement will give the Europeans the same right to Mexican markets that the United States and Canada now have. In Mexico City, President said the agreement will bring his country more and better jobs and create new possibilities for Mexican businesses.

2. Mexico and European Union have reached a landmark free trade agreement after more than a year of negotiations. EU Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy tells reporters the deal is the most comprehensive ever negotiated by the Union and the first such agreement with Latin American partner. He made his comment Wednesday at a news conference in Brussels following talks with Mexican Trade Minister. Mr. Lamy says the accord will dismantle more than 95 percent of the trade barriers between the European Union and Mexico. In Mexico City, President said the agreement will bring his country more and better jobs and will open new opportunities for Mexican businesses. The pact will give the European Union the same duty-free access to Mexican markets now enjoyed by the United States and Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement. EU governments must ratify the agreement. It is expected to take effect on July 1st, the year 2000. Questions:

a. How long did the negotiations last?

b. According to Mr. Lamy, what good will the agreement do to the European Union?

c. According to Mexican President, what good will the agreement do to Mexico? d. Which other countries enjoy the same right as the European Union does?

e. When is the agreement expected to take effect?

C. Here is the final pair of news items. Listen carefully. Complete the news summary and answer the questions you hear on the tape.

1. The news items talk about the rising of the Nasdaq Composite Index to a new record high. 2.

a. WHEN? on Wednesday b. WHAT? above 4,000 c. HOW MUCH? 84%

d. WHAT? the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Standard & Poor’s 500 and the Russell 2000 e. WHAT? He doesn't think that the upswing will last for ever./He doesn't think the markets can keep rising at this rate.

f. WHO? telecommunications equipment and software computer companies Tapescript:

1. A leading measure of the value of American technology stocks has risen to a new record high. The measure, known as the Nasdaq Composite Index, closed above 4,000 for the first time ever Wednesday. For the year, the Nasdaq Composite Index has risen 84 percent. This is the first time since April, 1998 that all four major measures of American stocks closed at new record highs.

2. US stocks soared to record highs and technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite closed above 4,000 for the first time ever Wednesday. This marks the first time since April 21st, 1998 that the four major US bench marks -- the Nasdaq, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Standard & Poor's 500 and the Russell 2000- closed at records on the same day. Prime market economist P. Ellis says the upswing cannot last for ever.

\"Whenever stock markets rise very, very rapidly, as has been the case of the Nasdaq, and to a lesser degree in the Dow, you have to wonder whether there is really that much good news out there. Probably there is, but the markets cannot keep rising at this rate. The level itself is not dangerous, but we can't see this kind of return going on indefinitely. '

Telecommunications equipment and software computer companies led Wednesday's advance. Questions:

a. When did this take place?

b. What did the Nasdaq Composite Index close at that day?

c. How much has the Nasdaq Composite Index risen for the year? d. What are the other three major measures of American stocks? e. What does the economist P. Ellis think of the U. S. stock markets? f. Who led the advance on the stock markets that day? 34

Part III Nasdaq Outline

I. Nasdaq -- the second largest stock market in the U. S.

A. its full name: the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system B. its history 1. origin: in 1971

2. purpose in creating it: to centralize information about the trading of stocks not listed on NYSE or other exchanges

C. its scale today -- the world's largest growing stock market 1. the number of trading companies: 4,800

2. the number of computers linked to it: 500,000

II. The Nasdaq Composite Index -- one of the main measurements of the strength of the American economy

A. system used: a system of points

B. its difference from the Dow Jones Industrial Average

1. the Dow Jones Industrial Average: following the share prices of thirty leading companies in the U.S.

2. the Nasdaq Composite Index: including most of the country's new, high-technology and Internet companies

3. the recent changes in the value of stocks: much greater on the Nasdaq than on the Dow Jones 4. daily price changes: much larger on the Nasdaq reasons for it: a. different methods used to create each average b. difference in the kinds of companies included in each average B. Tapescript:

Nasdaq is the second largest stock market in the United States, after the New York Stock Exchange. A stock is an ownership share in a business. Nasdaq stands for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system. Nasdaq was the world's first completely computerized stock market. It began operations in 1971.

Nasdaq was created to centralize information about the trading of stocks not listed on the New York Stock Exchange or other exchanges. Today, Nasdaq is the world's largest growing stock market. The stocks of more than 4,800 companies trade on Nasdaq. More than 500,000 computers worldwide are linked to the Nasdaq system.

The Nasdaq Composite Index is one of the main measurements of the strength of the American economy. The index uses a system of points instead of dollars to measure the changes in the market value of all stocks that trade on Nasdaq. The number changes with each trade that is made. A final number is reported at the end of each trading day.

Another average, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, is the oldest and main stock index. The Dow Jones follows the share prices of thirty leading companies in the United States. Most stocks on the Dow Jones Index are established industrial companies. Nasdaq, however, includes most of the country's new, high-technology and Internet companies.

This year, the American stock market has sharply lost value after a record period of growth. The recent increases and decreases in the value of stocks have been much greater on the Nasdaq Index than on the Dow Jones.

Nasdaq also has experienced much larger daily price changes. This is partly due to the different methods used to create each average. But the main reason is the difference in the kinds of

companies included in each average.

The greatest changes in prices have been in the stocks of technology and Internet companies. Experts believe that the stock market is experiencing a necessary correction. They believe the prices of many technology stocks became too high for their expected earnings. Statements:

1. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's first completely computerized stock market. 2. The Nasdaq Composite Index changes constantly within a trading day.

3. The stocks included on the Dow Jones Index are mostly industrial companies. 4. This year, the stock prices in the United States have been going up.

5. Experts think that the prices of many technology stocks will be higher later. 35

Part IV \"Bulls\" and \"bears\"

A. Now you are going to hear a passage about some American expressions that are commonly based in business. Listen carefully and explain in note form the following words and expressions with the information you get from the story.

1. a stock exchange: noisy place/bell/ lighted messages / computers/ talk on the telephone/shout/run around

2. brokers: experts/salespeople/buy & sell shares of companies 3. stocks: shares

4. the big board: a list of stocks sold on the New York stock Exchange 5. a bear market: prices/go down 6. a bull market: prices/go up

7. a company that goes belly up: a company that does not earn enough profit

8. a windfall: a sharp increase in the value of a stock/something wonderful that happens unexpectedly

B. Now Listen to the passage again. Then briefly answer the questions.

1. When and where did the word \"board\" with the meaning mentioned in the passage appear in written form? in 1837 in a newspaper in Illinois 2. What is the origin of \"a bear market\"?

old story/sold the skin of a bear/before caught it 3. What is the origin of \"a bull market\"?

a long connection/ bulls and bears/ in sports/ popular years ago/England

4. What is the phrase \"go belly up\" originally used to describe? fish/turn over on their backs/die 5. What is the story about the origin of the word \"windfall\"?

England/centuries ago/ poor people/ banned/cutting trees/ the wind blew down the tree/take for fuel

Tapescript

Today we tell about some American expressions that are commonly used in business.

Bell sound, lighted messages appear, men and women work at computers, they talk on the telephone, at times they shout and run around. This noisy place is a stock exchange. Here experts, salespeople called brokers buy and sell shares of companies. The shares are known as stocks. People who own stock in a company own part of that company. People pay brokers to buy and sell

stocks for them. If a company earns money, its stock increases in value. If the company docs not earn money, the stock decreases in value. Brokers and investors carefully watch for any changes on the big board. That is the name given to a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchange. The first written use of the word with that meaning was in a newspaper in Illinois in 1837. It said, \"The sales on the board were $1,700 in American gold.\" Investors and brokers watch the big board to see if the stock market is a bull market or a bear market. In a bear market, prices go down. In a bull market, prices go up. Investors in a bear market promise to sell a stock in the future at a set price, but the investor does not own the stock yet. He or she waits to buy it when the price ducks. The meaning of a bear market is thought to come from an old story about a man who sold the skin of a bear before he caught the bear. An English dictionary of the 1600s said, \"To sell a bear is to sell what one has not.\" Word experts dispute the beginning of the Word \"bull\" in the stock market. But some say it came from a long connection of the two animals bulls and bears in sports that were popular years ago in England. Investors are always concerned about the possibility of a company failing. In the modern world, a company that does not earn enough profit is said to go belly up. A company that goes belly up dies like a fish. Fish turn over on their backs when they die. So they're stomach or belly up. Stock market investors do not want that to happen to a company. They want a company whose stock they own to earn more profit than expected. This would sharply increase the value of the stock. Investors are hoping for a windfall. The word \"windfall\" comes from England of centuries ago. There poor people were banned from cutting trees in forests owned by rich landowners. But if the wind blew down a tree, the poor person could take the wood for fuel. So a windfall is something wonderful that happens unexpectedly. 36

Unit 12 News (III) A. tapescript:

1. An avalanche is a large amout of ice, snow, earth, rock or other materials sliding down the side of a mountain or falling down a cliff.

2. A mudslide is a slow-mving mudflow that moves down a gradual slope.

3. An earthquake is the sudden release of strain energy in the earth’s crust resulting in waves of shaking that radiate outwards from the earthquake source.

4. A cyclone is a storm or ystem of winds that rotates around a center of low atmospheric pressure, advances at a speed of about 30 to 50 kilometers an hour, and often brings heavy rain.

5. Hurricanes are tropical cyclones with winds that exceed knots or 74 miles per hour and circulate about their centers in the western atlantic ocean.

6. A tornado is a violent destructive whirling wind usually accompanied with severe thunder, lightening, and torrents of rain, and commonly of short duration and small breadth.

7. A typhoon is a type of violent tropical storm with strong circular winds that exceed 74 mph. It happens especially in the pacific ocean.

8. A drought is a period of dryness especially when prolonged that causes extensive damage to crops or prevents their successful growth.

9. A flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land.

10. A forest fire is a wild fire or an uncontrolled fire that is burning in frest, grass or other areas of vegetation.

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