1.作伴随状语,表示分词动作同句子谓语动词所表示动作同时进行:
【例题6】 (2002天津市高三模拟试题(二) · 29)
______ the merry tune, Jack fixed the tire.
A. Whistling B. To whistle
C. Whistled D. Having been whistled
但也有相当一部分只能放句子后面,都可以放:
【例题7】 (2004陕西省高三调研题 · 31)
All night long he lay awake, _______ how to drive the American invaders back home.
A. to think B. thinking C. thought D. being thought
2.作原因状语。例如:
【名题8】 (2003南昌高三测试题 · 26)
______good , the food was sold out soon.
A. Tasting B. Tasted C. Being tasted D. Having been tasted
【名题9】 (2004南阳市高三第二次模拟试题 · 34)
—A traffic jam?
—Oh, no. _______, the right side of the road is closed for the time being(暂时).
A. To be repaired B. Being repaired C. Repaired D. Having repaired
现在分词短语作原因状语,尤其见于be,feel,know,recognize,fear等状态动词的现在分词(短语),以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时。例:
⑴ Seeing the door locked, he realized that he would have to turn back in vain again.
⑵ Not knowing her address, I can’t write to her to express my gratitude to him.
⑶ Not having finished her work, she had to work extra hours.
⑷ They sent us their statement, hoping to get our support.
3.作时间状语,相当于when 引起的从句:
【名题10】 (2003天津市重点中考题 · 34)
______the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of her life.
A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening
C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening
【名题11】 (2004太原市高考模拟试题 · 26)
_______ to her apartment, she found her necklace missing.
A. To return B. Returned C. Being returned D. Returning
如果两个动作是同时发生,多用when或while加分词这种结构,例:
⑴ Be careful when crossing the street.
⑵ When leaving the room, she forgot to lock the door.
⑶ She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
⑷ Don’t mention this while talking to him.
4.如果分表示的动作发生于谓语所表示的动作之前,就用分词的完成体:
【名题12】 (2001NMET · 35)
______ such heavy pollution already, it may not be too late to clear up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
【名题13】 (2003广州市高三调研题 · 27)
______a seat, she left her books on it.
A. Found B. Finding C. To find D. Having found
过去分词作状语,用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况,通常有以下几种题型:
1.作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句:
【名题14】 (2003辽宁省重点中学连考题 · 35)
______ , the young man is healthy and strong..
A. Fully developed B. Fully growing C. Full developing D. Full grown
【名题15】 (2004昆明市高三模拟试题 · 28)
______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
2.表示一个假设情况,相当于一个条件从句:
【名题16】 (2002辽宁省重点中学连考题 · 25)
______ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing...
A. To look at B. Looked at C. Looking at D. To be looked at
【名题17】 (2003太原市高三统一练习题(三) · 30)
_______ with developed countries, we still have a long way to go.
A. To compare B. Compared C. Comparing D. Being compared
3. 一般情况下非谓语动词作状语时,要求非谓语动词表示的动作和谓语动词的主语相同,但也有少数分词短语实际上已经成为固定结构,表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度。如:
【名题18】 (2000高考春招 · 17)
______the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
5. 分词作状语时,有时前面可以加上一个连词。连词than, as, once, if, unless, though, even if等之后,均可以接一个过去分词作状语,这时,分词的逻辑主语是分词的动作对象。
【名题19】 (2002NMET)
The research is so designed that once _______nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
【名题20】 (2002上海春招)
When _______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
现在分词作状语
A 例6 【解析】 题干中的the merry tune作非谓语动词的宾语,所以排除表达被动意义的C, D两项;不定式放于句首只能作目的状语;现在分词放于句首时,可以作伴随状语,说明“杰克一边吹这欢乐的小调,一边装这轮胎”。
B 例7 【解析】 现在分词作伴随状语。(译文: 他彻夜未眠,思量着如何把美国鬼子赶回家。)
A 名8 【解析】 taste 可作系动词,所以没有被动形式。C项是现在分词一般体的被动形式,表示一个和句子谓语同时进行的被动动作;D项是动名词完成体的被动形式表示一个早于谓语动词的被动动作,但动名词不可以作状语。作状语时,如果要表示一个早于谓语动词的被动动作,用过去分词即可。
B 名9 【解析】 句子的主语是the right side of the road,它和非谓语动词“维修”之间属被动关系,所以排除D;而C过去分词虽然也表示被动,但在时间上却早于句子的谓语;A项虽为被动,但表示的是将来,只说明暂时封闭的目的;B项说明路正在维修,作原因状语。
A 名10 【解析】 首先小姑娘看见蛇说明see 和句子的主语是主动关系;C项是过去分词,其根本属性是表示被动,表示一个在句子谓语发生之前已经发生的一个被动动作;D项虽然表示了和主语之间的主动关系,但不定式的根本属性是表示将来。所以,C, D均可排除。而frightened (受惊的)作状语说明了主语受惊后的状态;frightening (令人恐惧的)说明主语的特点。
D 名11 【解析】 题中的return意为“返回”,因而不可能有被动形式;不定式放于句首通常只能是作目的状语,因此不和题义。而这里现在分词放于句首相当于一个由when连接的时间状语从句,表示这动作一发生,谓语表示的动作立即发生。
A 名12 【解析】 本题考查非谓语动词作状语。按照传统语法,现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致,但这里分词的逻辑主语是river(作宾语),又有already 提示“suffer”发生在谓语之前,故用现在分词完成体作状语。
D 名13 【解析】 根据题义,只有找到座位,才可以把书本放在上面。只有现在分词的完成体D才说明了“find”发生在谓语动作发生之前。
过去分词作状语
A 名14 【解析】 本题考查非谓语动词作状语。首先,分词前要用副词来修饰;其次,grow是不及物动词,可以说grow quickly(长地快)、grow old (变老),但fully growing就不和逻辑了。而develop vt (使发展)。A和句子的主语是被动关系,说明了该年轻人身体强健的原因是因为得到了全面发展。
C 名15 【解析】 Lose 是及物动词, 意思是“专心致志于…”, 后接反身代词; lost in thought源于lose oneself in thought。
B 名16 【解析】 题中的look at 是及物动词,而句子的主语situation 和 look at 只能是被动关系;D项虽为被动体,但不定式放于句首时只能作目的状语,其语法功能和题义不符。
B 名17 【解析】 本句可以转换为复合句“If we are compared with developed countries, we still have a long way to go.”由此得知句子的主语we和compare之间属于被动关系,所以要用过去分词。
A 名18 【解析】 given在此意为“鉴于”、“考虑到”。这种评说性的成分作状语,其逻辑主语不要求和句子的主语保持一致。这种情况下,分词短语的逻辑上的主语和句子的主语是不一致的,可以看作是一种成分.例:
⑴ Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.
⑵ Considering his age, the child reads well.
⑶ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.
⑷ Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.
D 名19 【解析】 本题考查的是过去分词作条件状语从句时的用法.在这儿once begun可换成once it is begun. A 名20 【解析】该题考查过去分词充当时间状语的用法.同样把when completed还原成when it is completed.
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