初中英语语法系统讲解

（一） 形容词和副词 I． 要点 A． 形容词

1、 形容词的用法

形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如： He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting.

某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：

冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：

the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容词比较等级的形式 （1） 规则形式

一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest

important-more important-(the)most important （2） 不规则形式 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least

（3） 形容词比较等级的用法

①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys.

This one is more beautiful than that one.

②表示两者以上的比较，用\"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …\"如： He is the cleverest boy in his class.

③表示两者是同等程度，用\"as +形容词原级+as\". 如： He is as tall as I.

I have as many books as you. ④ 越… 越…

例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. ⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。

⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我担心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner. 这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

⑦ My English is no better than yours. 我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。 B．副词

1、 副词的种类

（1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

（2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。 （4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 2、 副词比较等级的用法

其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如： Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder.

3、 某些副词在用法上的区别 （1） already, yet, still

already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如： We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. （2） too, as well, also, either

too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：

He went there too.

He didn't go there either. I like you as well. I also went there. (3) hard, hardly

hardly意为\"几乎\"与hard在词义上完全不同。如： I work hard every day.

I can hardly remember that. (4) late, lately

lately意为\"最近、近来\"，late意为\"晚、迟\"。如： He never comes late.

Have you been to the museum lately? II． 例题

例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall

解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要

放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。 例2 ____ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken

解析：该题正确答案为B。\"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…\"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。 例3\"I haven't been to London yet\". \"I haven't been there ____\". A too B also C either D neither

解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定\"两者都不\"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为\"也\"。 例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news. A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply

解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。 （二） 介词 I． 要点

1、介词和种类

（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 （2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 （2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at （3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如： He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school. 4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例 （1） at, on, in（表时间）

表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。 （2） between, among（表位置） between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如

I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills.

among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

He is the best among the students. （3） beside, besides

beside意为\"在…旁边\"，而besides意为\"除…之外\"。如： He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this? （4）in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上 （5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法 （6）in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外 （7）in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 （8）by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II． 例题

例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English? A except B but C beside D besides

解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为\"除了…\"，C-beside意为\"在…旁边\"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为\"除了…之外，还有\"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？

例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during

解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。 例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter. A to B in C at D on

解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为\"期望、盼望\"。 （三） 连词 I． 要点

1、 连词的种类

（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。

除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。 2、 常用连词举例 (1)and 和，并且

They drank and sang all night. (2) both…and 和， 既…也… Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而

I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因为

I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是

Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neither…nor 既不…也不

Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…

He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否则

Hurry up, or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以

It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 虽然

Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 …就

I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因为

He didn't go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless 除非，如果不

I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到…

He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构) He stayed there until eleven.

（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词) My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因为

He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的) （18）since自从…

I have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly… when 一…就

I had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就… 来说

As far as I know, that country is very small.

You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II． 例题

例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as

解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。

例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A when B where C which D while

解析：该处意为\"然而\"，只有while有此意思，故选D。

例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：该处意为\"或者\"，正确答案为C。 英语语法知识难点（二） （四）动词时态、语态 I． 要点

1、 一般现在时 （1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：

Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如： The earth goes round the sun. 2、 现在进行时

(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如： What are you doing now?

(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如： He is always doing good deeds. 3、 现在完成时

主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如: Have you ever been to Beijing? 4、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如： I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday. 5、一般过去时

表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如： It happened many years ago. 6、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 7、 过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如： The train had already left before we arrived. ８、一般过去将来时

表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. ９、被动语态

被动语态的时态，以give为例。 II．例题

例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

A had died B died C dead D is dead

解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。 例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for

C is being looked for D has been looked

解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。 （五）动词虚拟语气 I． 要点

表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。 １、 虚拟语气的构成 情景

条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词 与现在事实相反

动词过去式 （be要用were） should +动词原形 would

与过去事实相反 had +过去分词 should

+have+过去分词 would

与将来事实相反 １、动词过去时

２、should +动词原形 ３、were to +动词原形 should

＋动词原形 would

注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：

Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party. ２、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

（１） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是\"should(可省) ＋动词原形\"，常用于以下三种句型中。

句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that… 句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that… 如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

（２） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是\"(should)+动词原形\"。如：

I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

（３） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是\"(should)＋动词原形\"。如： His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

（４） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是\"(should)＋动词原形\"。如： We received order that the work be done at once.

（５） 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是\"动词的过去式\"或 \"should ＋动词原形\不可省。如： It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school. II． 例题

例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer. A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay

解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。had hoped表示\"本希望\"，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气

例２ \"Mary wants to see you today\".

\"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today.\" A comes B came C should come D will come

解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。 例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better. A had done B might have done C might do D would do

解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为Ｂ。 （六）短语动词 I． 要点

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种： （１） 动词＋介词

常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about it. （２） 动词＋副词

常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：

You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in. （３） 动词＋副词＋介词

常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

All his money added up to no more than $100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work. （４） 动词＋名词＋介词

常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：

You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time. （５） 动词＋形容词

常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：

The prisoners were set free. He cut it open.

（６） 动词＋名词

常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people. （7）辨析

give away(让给，暴露)和 give up（放弃，停止） put away（放起，收起）和 put out （扑灭） turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打开） keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不让靠近） make up（编造，补上）和 make out（辨认） take off（脱，起飞）和 take out（拿出） II． 例题

例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up

解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为\"存\"；keep up意为\"继续\"；give away意为\"分发\"；lay up\"贮藏\"。

例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. A touch B relation C connection D friendship

解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为\"保持联系\"。 例３ ____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 解析：该题选A. look out 意为\"小心\"。 （七）动词不定式 I． 要点

１、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 ２、 不定式的句法功能 （１） 作主语

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：

It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher. （２） 作宾语

通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如： I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me. （３） 作表语

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing. （４） 作定语

不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如： I have two letters to write. I have a lot of work to do. （５） 作宾补

通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如： He ordered her to leave at once. He was forced to obey his order. （６） 作状语

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students. （７） 作成分

To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

（８） \"疑问词＋不定式\"结构。 如： I don't know how to choose them. I cannot decide where to go. （9）不定式的否定式。如： I decided not to go.

（10）不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in. The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week. （11）too…to 结构。如： He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去) （12）主动表被动。如： The book is easy to read. I have a book to read. II．例题

例１ I haven't got a chair ____.

A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting

解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是\"动宾关系\"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。 例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go

解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。 例3 A new factory is ____ very soon. A to be built B built C to build D to building

解析：该题选A。is to be built意为\"将要被建\"。 （八）动名词 I． 要点

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 １、 动名词的形式，以write为例。 否定式 not +动名词 ２、 动名词的用法 （１） 作主语

Playing football is my favorite sport. Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如： It is fun travelling with friends at weekend. （２） 作宾语

I enjoy playing PC game.

He gave up writing five years ago. （３） 作表语

What he hated most was doing nothing. Seeing is believing.

动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。 （４） 作定语

There's a dining room in my school. All the people watching laughed.

（５） 动名词的复合结构\"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词\"。如： Tom's going home late made her mother angry. Would you mind my opening the window?

不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。 ①无生命名词

The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing. Fire burns better by oxygen being at work. ②有生命名词，但表泛指。

Have you ever heard of girls smoking? ③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。

Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day? 3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语

mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,

be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,

can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,

look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, devote to doing, lead to doing

II．例题

例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you. A going B to go C for going D went

解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语

例２ The garden needs ____.

A water B watering C to water D watered

解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。 例３ Excuse me ____ you. A interrupting B to interrupt

C interrupted D to have interrupted 解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。 （九）分词 I． 要点

分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。 过去分词的句法功能： １、 作定语

I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine. ２、 作表语

When I came into the room, I found the window was broken. I'm interested in this book. ３、 作宾语补足语

I'm going to have my bike repaired.

When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police. 4、作状语

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students. 现在分词的句法功能。 1、作状语

Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful. Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him. 2、作宾语

I hate being spoken ill of.

He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation. 3、作表语

Seeing is believing. The book is interesting. 4、作宾语补足语

I noticed him crossing the street.

Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen. 5、作定语

Do you know the man writing a letter?

The worker running a machine is my brother. 分词使用中的几个问题 1、现在分词的完成式

Having cleaned the room, I went out. 2、现在分词的否定式

Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried. 3、现在分词与过去分词的不同

现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成 I found the man killed there. I found the man standing there. 4、have结构

We have the car repaired. We have repaired the car. We have Tom repair the car.

We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning. 5、分词作表语

We were excited at the news. The football game is exciting. 6、主格结构

It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park. II． 例题

例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you. A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting

解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting…是主格结构，意为\"如果时间允许的话…\" 例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker. A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking

解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。

初中英语语法重难点集汇

（一） 主谓一致

主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致，通常指三个基本原则：语法一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗邻一致，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。 一、 语法一致原则

1、 在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式，谓语也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也为复数形式。如： This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个英语短语练习不容易。 2、 在“there be”结构中， “be”的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如： There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。

3、“one of”结构，位于用单数，“two of”结构位于用复数

One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。 Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。 3、 倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。

Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。 二、 概念一致

1、 主语是抽象概念、短语或从句，谓语用单数形式。如： To tell lies is wrong.说谎是不正确的。（不定式做主语） Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。（动名词做主语） How this happened is not clear to anyone.(从句做主语) 注意：

（1） 用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如： Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一个？ Which are your seats?你们的座位是哪些？

（2） 单个的分词作主语，不定式作主语，以及主语从句，谓语都用单数，若用连接上述的相同两个成分，谓语才用复数。

2、 两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时，谓语用复数形式。

3、 and连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语用单数；若有，则用复数。如：

My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顾问又改变他的想法了。

My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫苏的同学在教室里。

a. 若and后面加not,谓语用单数。如：

Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei赢了比赛，而不是我。

b. 用and 连接的单数主语，前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时，谓语用单数。 c. 复数主语前加each,谓语仍用复数。

d. no后面名词为单数，谓语用单数；后为复数，谓语用复数。 三、 毗邻一致

由not only…but also,neither…nor…,either…or…,or 连接的并列主语，在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的饿主语，在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如； Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都没错。

Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那儿去。 （详见高一下册P155~P156） （二） 虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是事实。虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语动词的特殊形式来表现的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中的各种谓语动词的形式变化，是掌握虚拟语气的关键。 一、 虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

虚拟语气用于简单句中，一般表示祝愿、命令等。谓语动词要用原形。 二、 虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法 （1） 在状语从句中的用法 1、 条件句中的用法

虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表现与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句中的谓语动词形式以及表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等，只表示不同的虚拟语气，和直陈语气的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等毫无关系。

现将虚拟语气的各种具体形式和用法分述如下； a. 表示与现在事实相反的情况 ①形式

条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式

If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） I (we) should

You (he,she , +动词原形或： they,it ) would

所有人称+might(could)+动词原形 ②用法：

If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )

If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)

If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.) b. 表示与过去誓死相反的情况 ①形式；

条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式

If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词 I (we) should You (he,she , +have+过去分词或： they,it ) would

所有人称+could(might)+have+过去分词 ②用法：

I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)

You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness ) c. 表示与将来事实相反的情况 ①形式：

条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式

a. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）通常要与一个表将来的时间的状语连用 b. If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should +动词原形

c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+动词原形 I (we) should You would +动词原形或： he(she,it ) would

they would

I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+动词原形 ②用法：

If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)

If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)

If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)

If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示 下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”) c. 混合时间条件句的用法：

有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的 时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。

1） If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.（从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。）

（fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.）

2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)

（fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.） 2、 在其他状语从句中的用法

主要用于由as if (as though) 引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式（be 变were ）或had +过去分词。” 如：

She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)

Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的 英语说得好) （2）、在主语从句中的用法：

通常由形式主语it引出的主语从句来表达。主语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”；表示“必要”“重要”“奇怪”等意思。

It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必须清扫车间。 It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在工作中，征求别人的意见是很重要的。

2010年中考英语语法专题：介词一.介词at/ in /on . 1.表示时间：

1).表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/ 年龄 at six o’clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night

2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)

in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century

in his fifties

3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.

On Monday on New Year’s Day

on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st ,2007 2表地点:

1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 at the station at the cinema

2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里. in China in the classroom 3)on 指在某物体的表面上. on the desk 注意:

写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可. He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street. 二.介词in /on / to 表方位:

1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China . 2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)

Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .

3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is _____ the east of China . 三. between / among 在„„之间

1.between :指两者之间. 在„„.之间.

2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在„„之中. You sit _____ him and me .

The song is popular ______ the students. 四.after / in 在„„之后 1. after

1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时. 2)after 作介词. after doing sth

2.in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时. He came back ______ two days .

He will go home___finishing his homework . He will come back _____ two days . 五.with / in / by 表示 “用„„”

1.with 表示 “用„” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官. He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”

He came in _____ a big smile on his face .

2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式. Can you say it _____English ? He wrote a letter ____ blue ink . 3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法

I study for a test _____ working with a group . He makes a living ____ selling newspapers . 注意: 同义词组

1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car

3).in pen = with a pen = with pens

六.across / through / over / by 经过

1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过. 2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.

3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. 4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过. Can you swim ______ the river ?

the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate . I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .

七.in front of / in the front of

1.in the front of 表示在„„.内部的前面 2.in front of 表示在„„外面的前面

There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom . There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom. 八.其它介词的用法： 1.at的其它用法.

1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词. She is at work now = She is working now . 2)at表示 “价格或速度”

The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour . 2.in的其它用法:

1)in表示 “在„„方面”

词组:do well in = be good at be weak in

2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服. 词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服 3)in作副词, “在家” = at home 3.like 的用法:

1).像/和„„一样. 常与系动词连用. 词组: look like sound like

2).与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”. What is he like ? He is kind . 4.off的用法:

1).从„„下来, 脱离某物体. 词组: fall off

2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后. 词组: have +时间+ off

He hasn’t had a night off for two hours . 5.except / besides

1).except 除了„„.之外, 都„„. . 不包括在范围之内. 注: nothing but „ 除了„„之外,什么也没有.

2).besdies除了„„之外,还有„„ . 包括在范围之内. We all went swimming ______ Lucy . There is _______ a letter in the box . We study Japanese and French____ English . 6.with / without

1).with具有,含有 -----反义词: without 没有

词组: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to without one’s help 2).without 的用法:

A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物 B).without + doing sth .

He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.

If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .

7.on the tree /in the tree

on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.

There are some apples _____ the tree . There is a boy ____ the tree. 8.since / for

注: since / for 用于现在完成时. 1).since :

a).since +时间点

b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时 c).since +一段时间+ ago.

2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 9.be made +介词的区别:

be made of 由„制成 (看得见原材料) be made from由„制成 (看不见原材料) be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 be made by sb. 由某人制造 10.表示 “数量的介词” about , round around over

1). about , round around表示 “大约„„” 2).over 表示 “超过”= more than. 11.inside / outside

Inside 在„„里面 ------反义词:outside在„.外面 12.in the wall /on the wall

in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上” 九.不用介词的情况:

1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?

2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .

3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .

4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.