spacex可回收利用火箭

REUSABILITY: THE KEY TO MAKING HUMAN LIFE MULTI-PLANETARY 可重复利用性：通往星际文明的钥匙

“If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like airplanes, the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred. A fully reusable vehicle has never been done before. That really is the fundamental breakthrough needed to revolutionize access to space.”

--Elon Musk

当有人可以像使用飞机一样重复使用火箭，飞往宇宙的花费便可大大减少。没有人用过可回收火箭，所以这项技术是一次重大的突破，一种太空旅行的革命性方式

--埃隆·马思克

SpaceX believes a fully and rapidly reusable rocket is the pivotal

breakthrough needed， to substantially reduce the cost of space access. The majority of the launch cost comes from building the rocket, which flies only once. Compare that to a commercial airliner – each new plane costs about the same as Falcon 9, but can fly multiple times per day, and conduct tens of thousands of flights over its lifetime. Following the commercial model, a rapidly reusable space launch vehicle could reduce the cost of traveling to space by a hundredfold.

SpaceX相信，一个可以完全重复使用，并能在极短时间内再次进入发射状态的火

箭，是从本质上减少航空费用的关键。发射费用的很大一部分产生于火箭的建造。在商业航空中，造一架新飞机的花费与Falcon 9相当。飞机可以在一天内飞行起降多次，并在其寿命范围内执行成千上万次飞行任务，但火箭却是一次性的。根据这种商业模式，一个可回收火箭能成百倍地减少太空旅行的费用。

While most rockets are designed to burn up on re。entry, SpaceX rockets are designed not only to withstand reentry, but also to return to the launch pad or ocean landing site for a vertical landing. Through reusability testing during flight and on the ground in McGregor, Texas, SpaceX has made great strides toward this goal.

大部分火箭都被设计成在重返大气层时自行燃烧殆尽，而SpaceX的火箭则被设计为不仅可以再入大气层而不烧毁，还可以垂直回到发射基地或者海上降落平台。通过这次在德克萨斯州的麦格雷戈进行的可回收性测试，SpaceX向着这个目标迈出了一大步

First Stage Flight Testing

一级火箭飞行测试

In order to re-fly a Falcon 9 first stage, it must first return safely to Earth after delivering the second stage and payload to orbit. Current efforts are focused on reentering the first stage through Earth’s atmosphere and conducting precision landings – initially on an autonomous spaceport drone ship at sea, and eventually on land.

为了使Falcon 9的一级火箭再次开机，它首先需要把二级火箭和负载释放到预定轨道之后安全地返回地球。最近我们将精力集中在如何让火箭在穿越大气层的时，重新进入第一阶段的状态，并且精确地降落。最初，我们会让其降落在一艘巨型漂浮平台上。最终，它会降落在陆地上的。

In 2014, SpaceX twice reentered a Falcon 9 first stage from space and landed it in the Atlantic Ocean. Using lessons learned from those attempts, in January 2015 SpaceX attempted a precision landing on the drone ship, nicknamed “Just Read the Instructions”. The rocket made it to the drone ship, but landed hard. SpaceX attempted a second precision landing the following month, this time over water, and the rocket impressively came within 10 meters of its target. Unfortunately, extreme weather prevented recovery.

在2014年，SpaceX 曾两次回收降落在太平洋上的Falcon 9的一级火箭。依靠从两次试验中获得的经验，SpaceX在今年一月执行了名为“读指令”的行动，尝试将火箭精确降落在海上降落平台上。火箭虽然成功降落，但着陆的冲击十分巨大。接下来的一个月，SpaceX进行了第二次尝试，这次火箭入水时，难以置信地落入了离既定目标不到10m的范围内。但极端天气阻碍了回收工作的进行。

Falcon 9’s first stage landed on the drone ship for the first time, within 10 meters of its target, in April 2015. This time, however, high lateral velocity at landing prevented recovery.

2015年4月，Falcon 9的一级火箭第一次降落在了海上平台上，离目标不到10m。但是，侧向的速度使火箭倾斜导致了本次回收行动的失败

SpaceX will continue to attempt landings whenever the mission profile allows, and with a launch rate of once per month, we are confident that a first stage will soon land on a drone ship in the ocean, and not long after, on land.

只要条件允许，SpaceX将不断对回收火箭进行尝试。按照每个月发射一次的频率，我们对达成目标很有信心。一级火箭很快就能成功降落在海上降落平台，不久之后，甚至可以降落在陆地上。

Falcon 9 Reusable (Falcon 9R) Test Program

Falcon 9R计划

In 2014, SpaceX conducted testing of the F9R development test vehicle – an advanced prototype for the reusable Falcon 9. The F9R test vehicle is essentially a Falcon 9 first stage with landing legs designed to test the precision landing techniques needed to return a rocket to Earth intact.F9R completed successively higher tests in McGregor, Texas, topping out with a 1000m test using steerable grid fins. These tests provided invaluable information for future flight testing.

2014年，SpaceX开展了Falcon 9R发展测试型飞行器的测试，参与测试的是Falcon 9R的一个经过改进的火箭原型。Falcon 9R在德克萨斯州的麦格雷戈连续完成了多次测试，飞行高度随着测试次数在增加。利用格栅翼，最高高度达到了1000m。现有测试为未来的飞行测试提供了宝贵的信息。

Grasshopper Reusability Test Program

Prior to the F9R program, SpaceX’s reusability testing began with the Grasshopper program. SpaceX’s Grasshopper was a 10-story Vertical Takeoff Vertical Landing (VTVL) vehicle consisting of a Falcon 9 first stage, a single Merlin 1D engine, four steel landing legs with hydraulic dampers, and a steel support structure. In 2013, Grasshopper completed a series of eight flight tests with successful landings, the highest reaching 744 meters high.

蚱蜢可回收测试项目

在f9r项目之前，SpaceX是从蚱蜢项目开始火箭的可回收性的测试。蚱蜢作为一个10层的垂直起降飞行器（VTVL）组成了f9的一级火箭。他拥有一个梅林1D推进器，四个带有液压减震器的钢铁起落架，还有一个钢铁的支撑结构。

2013年，蚱蜢成功完成了多达8次降落，最大高度达到744m。