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上海版牛津英语8B Unit 3 Unit 4

来源:欧得旅游网
上海版牛津英语8B 第三章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

一.同根词

serve; service; servant:

serve v. 意为:“为„服务;待客”。例如:

They served the guests a wonderful dinner. 他们以盛宴招待客人们。 Service n. 意为“服务”。例如:

The train service to the capital is very good. 去首都的火车服务设施非常好。 Servant n. 意为“仆人;佣人”。例如:

Fire and water may be good servants, but bad masters.(谚语)水火是忠仆,用之不慎成灾主。

A politician should be a servant of the people. 政治家应当是人民的公仆。 electric; electrician; electricity:

electric adj. 意为“发电的;由电产生的;电动的”。例如:

They build electric automobiles. 他们制造电动汽车。 electrician n. 意为“电工”。例如:

Master Wang is an electrician. 王师傅是电工。 electricity n. 意为:“电”。例如:

The power station supplies electricity to this area. 这个点站供应这个区域的电。 explain; explanation:

explain v. 意为 “解释;说明”。例如:

Can you explain why you were late? 你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗? explanation n. 意为“解释;解说;说明”。例如:

The only explanation for his behaviour is that he is mad.对他行为的唯一解释就是他疯了。

visible; vision; invisible:

visible adj. 意为“看得见的;显著的;明显的”。例如:

Air isn‟t a visible object. 空气不是可见物体。 vision n. 意为“视力”。例如:

She has good vision. 她的视力很好。

invisible adj. 意为“看不见的;无形的”。例如:

When I called, their head was invisible. 我去拜访时,他们的负责人没有露面。 二.词义辨析: contain hold:

contain和hold都有“包含;容纳”的意思。 contain 着重“其中确实包含有”。例如:

The bottle contains water. 这个瓶子里有水。 hold 指“能容纳”,现在有没有不一定。例如;

The house holds 20 people. 这房子能住下二十个人。 三.常用词组:

trick out of 意为“骗走;恶作剧”。例如:

His partner tried to trick him out of his money. 他的合伙人企图骗走他的钱财。(此句trick作动词)

注意: trick 也可以作名词,意为“诡计;骗术;花招”。例如: The children played a trick on their brother. 孩子们捉弄了他们的兄弟。 She got the money from him by a trick. 她用计谋从他那儿得到了那笔钱。 magic trick 意为“魔术”。例如:I can do magic trick. 我会玩魔术。 flow v. 意为“流动”。例如:

The cars flowed in a steady stream along the main road. 汽车在主干道上不停地驶过。

flow 的常用搭配有:flow away 流走;流逝 flow down 流下 flow into 流入

例如:Time flows away quickly. 时光飞逝。

Waterfall flows down to the bottom of the hill. 瀑布飞流直下到山脚。 Rivers flow into the sea. 江河流入海中。

语 法 知 识 情态动词的基本用法

1. 情态动词can/ could 的用法

表示“能力;许可;可能性”等,在口语中可以代替may表示许可,而may比较正式。could 为can的过去式,可以表示语气较委婉,用于否定句中,表示推测,“不可能”之意。例如:Many people can use the computer now, but we couldn‟t ten years ago.

现在许多人能使用电脑,但十年前我们不能。

2. 情态动词would和should的用法

(1)情态动词would是will的过去式,表示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如:

Would you please pass me the salt?

请递给我盐好吗?(表示语气委婉,希望得到对方的肯定回答) I would like / love to help you. 我愿意帮助你。(表示缓和) (2)should 表示义务,可用于各种句式,通常指将来。例如:

You should do what your teacher tells you. 你应该照你老师的话办。 He should do some work, but he doesn‟t want to. 他应该做些工作,但是他不想做。

用于第一人称疑问句,表示征询意见。例如:

Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗? 3. may 和might的用法

(1)情态动词may是现在时,might 是may的过去式,表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可以”之意时,用may,它的否定形式是may not , 表示“不可以;禁止;阻止”等意思时,常用must not / mustn‟t 代替may not。例如:

You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。

—May I watch TV after super, Mum? 妈妈,晚饭后我可以看电视吗?

—Yes ,you may. / No, you mustn‟t. / No, you may not. / No, you‟d

better not.

是的,你可以。 不,你不可以。 不,你不可以。 不,你最好不。

We may have a lot of work to do. 我们可能有许多工作要做。

(2)might为may的过去式,它表示“可能”时,其含义更不确定。例如:

He might be ill. 他也许生病了吧。

My brother might come here soon. 我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。 4. must 的用法

must 表示“必须;应该”,否定式为must not / mustn‟t,表示“不应该;不许可;不准;禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时,否定式常用needn‟t / need not 或don‟t have to, 表示“不必”,而不用must not / mustn‟t。例如:

You mustn‟t speak like this. 你不应该这样说话。 —Must I stay here now? 我现在必须呆在这儿吗?

—Yes, you must. / No, you needn‟t. / No, you don‟t have to. 是,你必须。 不,不必。 不,你不一定要去。

上海版牛津英语8B 第四章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

一.同根词:

publish; publishing

publish v. prepare and print a magazine, book, etc. 出版,例如:

The company publishes children‟s books. 这个公司出版儿童书籍。 The book was published in 1988. 这本书是一九八八年出版的。 publishing adj. 出版的,出版业的,例如:

There is a publishing house over there. 那边有一家出版社。 elect; election

elect v. choose by voting 选举,例如:

The government is made up of men and women elected by the people of the country.

政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。 election n. 选举,例如:

Tom is standing for election. We elect him chairman of the club. 汤姆是候选人,我们选他为俱乐部主席。 editor; edit

editor n. a person whose job is to prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc.编辑;编者,例如:

She is a fashion editor. 她是一名时装栏编辑。

edit v. prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc. 编辑;校订,例如:

He is editing a Shakespeare play for use in school. 他正在编辑一部莎士比亚剧本供学校使用。

experience (n.[C] & [U]; vt.); experienced

experience (1) n. [C] skill and knowledge gained from doing sth. 经历,例如:

Please tell me your experiences in America. 请告诉我你在美国的经历。 experience (2) n. [U] things / events that happen to us 经验,例如:

Experience is their preparation for giving advice. 经验为他们进行咨询作了准备。

experience (3) vt. have experience of; feel; meet with 有„„之经验;感受;体验,例如:

They have experienced the difficulties for playing football. 他们感受到了踢足球的难处。

experienced adj. having experience; having knowledge or skill as the result of

experience 有经验的;有从经验获得的知识或技术的,例如:

She is an experienced nurse. 她是位有经验的护士。 free; freedom

free adj. (1) not having to pay for it 免费的,例如:

Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a fine greeting card. 购买这份早餐事务的人都可得到一张免费的精美贺卡。 fere adj. (2) (of a person) not a slave 自由的,例如:

The prisoners were pardoned and set free. 那些囚犯获赦并被释放。 freedom n. condition of being free 自由,例如:

The prisoner has no freedom in the jail. He can‟t walk freely there. 囚犯在监狱中没有自由,他不可以随便走动。

brief; briefly

brief adj. short or quick 简短的,短暂的,例如:

a warm and brief welcome 热烈而简短的欢迎 make a brief visit 作短暂的访问

Can you give us a brief introduction? 你能简短的介绍一下你自己吗? briefly adv. shortly or quickly 简要地

I „d like to comment very briefly on that last statement. 我想就最后一句简要地谈谈我的看法。 Briefly, you are fired. 一句话,你被解雇了。 conclude; conclusion

conclude v. finish; come to the end of 结束;决定,例如:

To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life. 最后,祝大家健康长寿。 The doctor concluded that the patient‟s disease was cancer. 医生断定病人患的是癌症。

conclusion n. end; the result of reasoning 结束,结论,例如:

I found the conclusion of her story very exciting. 我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。 二.兼性词:

vote v. show which person or thing you want to choose, by putting up your hand

or making a piece of paper 投票选举,例如:

Vote for Johnson — the people‟s friend! 请投约翰逊一票——他是人民的

支持者!

vote n. 投票选举,例如:

secret vote 不记名投票

I give my vote to Mr Wang. 我投王先生的票。

He won the election because he got most votes. 他选举获胜了,因为他得了大多数的选票。 三.词义辨析:

consider...(as)...; regard...as...; treat...as... 这三个词组都含“认为„„是„„”的意思。

(1) consider think about carefully 考虑,认为,侧重“经过考虑而认为”,表

示一种比较客观的看法。例如:

I consider what he said (as) reasonable. 我认为她说的有道理。

(2) regard 指“把„„认为,把„„看作”,表示以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识。例如:He was regarded as the foremost authority on chemistry. 他被认为是化学最高权威。

(3) treat 表示在某种认识的基础上看待或对待,重在行动,而不在认识。例如:

They will not be treated as enemies. 他们不会被当作敌人对待。 四.常用词组:

suggestion n. idea for others to consider 提议;建议

at one‟s suggestion 根据某人的建议 on one‟s suggestion 根据某人的建议

make a suggestion 提议;建议 offer a suggestion 提议;建议 on the suggestion of... 在„„的建议下

decision n. choosing something after thinking; deciding 决心;决定

come to a decision / arrive at a decision / reach a decision 做出决定

give a decision for 判决对„„有利 give a decision against 判决对„„不利

make a decision 决定下来;做出决定;下决心。例如: Have they arrived a decision yet? 他们是否已有所决定? charge n. 主管,看管 v. 使承担(任务、责任)

take charge of 负责,看管; under the charge of 在„看管(负责)之下;in charge of 负责

例如:Mr Smith will take charge of our class next term. 史密斯先生下学期将负责我们班。

The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway. 主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。

This ward is under the charge of Dr Green. 这件病房是有格林大夫负责的。 Don‟t forget the to charge the money of the shoes to my account.别忘了把鞋钱记在我账上。

agree on 同意,达成协议 例如:

We couldn‟t agree on when to start. 我们对何时出发不能达成共识。 We couldn‟t agree on when to meet. 关于什么时候见面,我们未能取得一致意见。

语 法 知 识

情态动词 should 、ought to

ought to 是客观的,should是主观的。ought to表示我不做不行,是责任,虽然可能我不想去做但是还要去做。 should是主观想去做。有点像have to和must的关系。(ought to是两个可加to的情态动词之一,另一个是used to)。ought to do 语气更强,常用于长辈对小辈的用语,或某规则上的要求。而 should do 可用于平辈朋友间,较为客气与口语化。 (一)should的用法:

should 用作情态动词,三种人称单、复数通用,后面跟动词原形。其否定式为:should not (shouldn‟t)

1. 表示“义务或责任”,意思是“应该”。例如: We should keep our promise. 我们应该遵守诺言。 You shouldn‟t be so careless. 你不应如此粗心大意。

【注意】should 后面跟:“have + 过去分词”结构,其肯定句表示过去应该做而未做的事,其否定句则表示过去不该做但做了的事情。 例如:

You should have started 5 minutes earlier. 你应该早五分钟动身。(却没早动身)

I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。(却没想到) She looks very ill. She should have stayed at home. 她看样子病得很重,本应呆在家里。(却没呆在家里)

You should not have gone back to work without the doctor‟s permission. 你不应该未经医生许可就回去工作。(却去工作了)

2. 表示可能性、推测、估计,意思是“可能”、“该”。例如:

She should be home by now, I think. 我想,她现在可能(该)到家了。 It‟s two o‟clock, the football game should begin soon. 已经是两点钟了,足球比赛不久就该开始了。

3. 表示说话人用委婉、谦虚的语气,提出意见、请求或建议,意思是“可”、“倒是”、“想”等。例如:

I should say it would be better to try it again. 我以为可以再试试。(提出建议) I should advise you to pay more attention to your health. 我倒是想劝你多注意身体(建议)

I should like to have a talk with you. 我想跟你谈一谈。(请求) (二)ought to 的用法:

ought 无时态和人称变化,后面跟(带to的)动词不定式,其疑问式为:Ought I / you to...?其否定式为ought not to...

1. 表示有义务必须做某事,意思是“应该”;其语气比should强,带有责备或督促的含义。例如:

You ought to punctual. 你应该守时。

—Ought he to do it at once? —Yes, he ought (to). —他应该立刻就做吗?—是的,应该立刻就做。 They ought to go tomorrow. 他们应该明天去。

You ought not / oughtn‟t to drink too much. 你不应该喝太多酒。

She said such a thing ought not to be allowed to happen.她说,这样的事不应

当允许发生。

【注意】ought to 后面跟“have + 过去分词”结构,表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔或遗憾的心情。例如:

You ought to have helped her. 你本该帮助她的。(却没有帮助她) He ought to have returned these books to the library last week. 他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆。(却没有还书) I ought not to have done it. 我本不该做这件事。(却做了) 2. 表示非常可能的事,意思是“一定会”、“该„„”

We ought to win. 我们一定会赢。

If he started at ten, he ought to be there by time. 假如他十点出发,现在该到那里了。

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