Wireless Communication Master Plan
I. Executive Summary
The City of Wichita and Sedgwick County have decided to modify regulations for wireless communication through a Wireless Communication Master Plan. The Wireless Communication Master Plan attempts to provide a clear sense of intention for wireless communication industry representatives, tower builders, landowners, and the general public on where and how City and County leaders hope to see the new facilities deployed in the future. All of the various stakeholders have been consulted extensively during the preparation of the Plan.
Definitions of technical terms are provided in Appendix A. Two key terms used in this plan have a subtle, but important, distinction. The term “wireless communication” includes all forms of wireless uses except for private dispatch systems and amateur radio. The term “personal wireless services” refers only to those services that are designated as protected services by the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Currently, the Unified Zoning Code confines “towers” to only a few zoning districts in the City, and subjects many of them to multiple hearing reviews. In the County, most new “towers” must go through a Conditional Use permitting process.The approach in this Plan encourages short or disguised facilities almost anywhere, and with only administrative review, while providing appropriate guidelines to consider taller “towers” through a more streamlined public review process. Given the uncertainties of future technology and consumer demand, no one can reliably pinpoint all the locations for future wireless communication facilities. The current zoning code lacks a framework of principles and guidelines for making individual decisions in a consistent, purposeful manner. The Plan is intended to provide that framework, and provides background information on wireless communication issues and, includes recommendations on:
• Location/height guidelines • Design guidelines
• Structural design and co-location requirements • Submittal requirements • Operations standards
The City of Wichita and Sedgwick County should adopt the Wireless Communication Master Plan as an element of the city-county comprehensive plan, to use as a general guide to decision-making and to revise the Unified Zoning Code.
II. Introduction
On July 20, 1999, the City of Wichita adopted a moratorium on the approval of commercial communication towers used for transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals.Although Sedgwick County did not adopt such a moratorium, the two jurisdictions share planning and zoning functions through the Metropolitan Area Planning Commission (MAPC). Both the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County determined that they needed a clearer framework within which they could review proposals for wireless communication facilities. On August 17, 1999, the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County retained Kreines & Kreines, Inc. to prepare a Wireless Communication Master Plan.
Cities and counties are accustomed to preparing plans, usually in the comprehensive plan format. Comprehensive plans are usually prepared after a lengthy process including goal-formulation and objective setting. This effort did not have this luxury of time: a rapid planning process was established in the attempt to complete the plan before the expiration of the moratorium.
As part of the planning process, an extensive outreach program with the community and wireless communication industry representatives was conducted. Community workshops were held on September 29, 1999 and October 27, 1999. An industry roundtable was held on September 30, 1999 and an industry presentation was held on October 27, 1999. In addition, a questionnaire was sent to industry
representatives and meetings were held with individual industry representatives. After a workshop with the City Council, County Commission and MAPC on November 23, 1999 to review a draft plan prepared by the consultant, a city-county staff task force was assigned to meet further with the various stakeholders and prepare revisions to the draft plan. The city-county task force held numerous meetings with these stakeholders from December 1999 through July 2000, and helped mold the Plan to the current edition.
The left-hand column below lists issues that were brought up at the community workshops，industry roundtable and industry interviews.The right-hand column contains responses from the consultant: Industry Issues The wireless industry wants flexibility in the approvals process. Responses The Plan achieves flexibility in types of reviews, types of facilities and types of outcomes … the choice is up to the applicant. Carriers want to get a signal out There are alternatives to tall from a base station, as well as to get a “ towers” , and if the industry can’ t signal back from the handset. To do consider them for economic reasons, the that, for the time being anyway, tall public sector should consider them for “ towers”may be needed. The wireless industry maintains that public benefit reasons. Planning means making consistently wireless communication facility sites can fair decisions by comparing alternatives only be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. to uniform standards and deciding which alternative is best for the community. The citizens asked the carriers: how Public planning has dealt with long will this “ tower”building trend last? market forces before: what is needed is a The wireless industry responded that it is balance among the public health, safety a market-driven business and, as long as as well as welfare and the need to deploy the consumer demands capacity, the infrastructure quickly with minimum carriers will need to build wireless regulation. communication facility sites. Intense competition requires that they can to the public sector. The individual carriers plan for the Planning depends on information be made about future growth. Planning means creating policies carriers divulge as little information as and, without certainty, assumptions must future with geographic sites, around rather than drafting maps of precise which predictable radio frequency (RF) plans. Exactly where a wireless coverage is determined through graphic communication facility is placed becomes modeling. less important than its general location, how it is sited in that location and how it is designed. These issues need not conflict. The quest is for balance, and the governing bodies of the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County intend to strike that balance by adoption of this Plan.
III. Scope of the Wireless Communications Master Plan A. What is a “Tower”?
The term “tower” is generally used to describe all wireless communication facilities or sometimes is used to refer only to those wireless communication facilities at high elevations above grade. Wichita/Sedgwick County should avoid the use of the term“tower” because its meaning is not clear. How tall is a “tower”? Can a “tower” be short? Can a “tower” be on top of a building? Can a “tower” be on top of another “tower”? Is a monopole a “tower”? The terms “wireless communication facility” or “support structure” should be used instead of “tower” because they more clearly refer to the many possible methods of deploying wireless communication technology.
B. Protected Services
Section 704 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 preserves local zoning authority over the placement, construction and modification of personal wireless service facilities with some limitations or protections from regulation by local governments. The limitations and protections are listed in Appendix C.
This Plan is intended to apply to protected services as well as to unprotected services (described below). It is good practice to extend the same planning process to all forms of wireless communication. It should be kept in mind that many of the following unprotected services facilities are used for the co-location of protected services facilities.
C. Unprotected Services
Section 704 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 does not cover the following unprotected services.
1. Broadcast Systems
Broadcast systems for AM/FM radio and television are expected to be proposed for only a few strategic locations throughout the Wichita/Sedgwick County area. Because of their height requirements, broadcast facilities should be located as far
outside the urbanized area as possible and outside the approach zones for airports and airstrips.
Once existing personal wireless service facilities are inventoried and mapped, those areas least covered by existing personal wireless service facilities may in some cases provide co-location opportunities for new broadcast facilities. Future personal wireless services also may seek out broadcast facilities for co-location before building new facilities of their own.
2. Public Service & Emergency Systems
Wichita/Sedgwick County and other public/governmental agencies should not locate any facilities that contravene guidelines that wireless communication facilities are held to in this Plan. It sends a negative message when the regulatory authority holds itself less accountable than the private sector in the name of “public safety.”
Although the Sedgwick County 800 MHz radio system is successfully deployed, the system may be augmented as new challenges present themselves. Future public facilities (e.g., City/County dispatch, broadband wireless microwave, etc.) on support structures should be systematically planned so that other wireless communication facilities may be co-located on them.
The Wichita Unified School District microwave data and phone system is also included in the “Public Service” category, and there likely will be substantial opportunities for wireless communication facility co-location on school “towers”that should limit the need for constructing as many more new wireless communication facilities.
3. Wireless Cable Systems
At one time, the FCC issued by lottery Multipoint Multichannel Distribution Service (MMDS) spectrum in 2-plus GHz range (anywhere from 2.1 GHz to 2.8 GHz) for the commercial offering of TV service via a point-to-multipoint system, from which individual subscribers in one building or a small area could be served by microwave. Such “wireless cable” applications for TV service has not been widely used since other media, including the Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), offer many more channels at competitive prices.
However, wireless cable has other applications that are only now being realized.For example, fixed telephone and data service can be offered over wireless cableAs the use of wireless cable expands, some high support structures will be
sought to deploy the systems. The high support structures will be needed in several locations for each carrier, who will install antennas that send and receivesignals to multiple end-users. To the extent possible, the antennas requiring highsupport structures should be co-located with other wireless communication facilities. The support structure at the end-user’ s location is likely be a small lattice tower, no larger than 18 inches on a side, that will be similar in appearancand function as the support structures used for private dispatch systems.
4. Private Dispatch Systems
Many contractors and taxicabs have two-way radios that function similarly to personal wireless services. The difference is that most private dispatch systems are non-commercial; that is, they were licensed to one company for that company’ s use and not to be shared with, or leased to, other users. These companies are usually small businesses that are currently seeing their licensed frequencies made available by the federal government for auction to “commercial” wireless communication providers.
Private dispatch systems (and amateur “ham” radio) should continue to be regulated separately from the commercial wireless communication. Their purposes are narrowly drawn by the FCC and their use is truly “accessory” to the license-holder.
The intended application of “accessory use” in the Unified Zoning Code is to be attendant to the user’ s transceiver site. This definition should still be available to:
• Private dispatch systems • Amateur (ham) radio operators
中文翻译：
无线通信总体规划
一、执行摘要
威奇托市和塞奇威克县已经通过无线通信总体规划，决定修改无线通信的规定。无线通信总体规划试图为无线通信行业的代表、塔建筑工人、地主和各处的公众以及市、县的领导提供一个清晰明确的意向，希望能在未来看到新设施的部署。各利益相关者都在编制计划期间广泛咨询。
对技术术语的定义载于附录A。在这个计划中使用的两个关键的条款有一个微妙但重要的区别。术语“无线通信”包括除私人调度系统和业余无线电使用的所有无线形式。术语“个人无线服务”是指只有那些指定为受由1996年电信法的服务保护的服务。
目前，在城市中只有少数地区统一代码限定为“塔”，并且这之中的很多课题经过多次听证评论。在县城中，大多数新的“塔”必须经过一个允许使用过程的条件。这个计划的办法几乎在任何地方都鼓励短期或变相设施，只有行政复议，同时提供适当的指引，通过公开审查程序更加简化高“塔”。鉴于未来技术和消费需求的不确定性，没有人能精确可靠地查明未来无线通讯设备的所有位置。目前分区代码缺乏一个一致的有目的的个人决策的原则和指引框架。该计划旨在为这一框架，并提供无线通讯问题的背景资料，包括建议有：
●位置/高度指引 ●设计准则
●结构设计和合作地点要求 ●送件要求 ●操作标准
塞奇威克和威奇托县城市应该采取无线通信总体规划作为市和县综合规划的要素，并将其作为一般指引决策和修改分区统一代码。
二、简介
在1999年7月20日，威奇托市通过了关于暂停审批商业通信塔发送和/或接收无线信号。塞奇威克县虽然没有采取这样的禁令，但是这两个司法管辖区通过都市区委员会（MAPC）都共享了规划和分区功能。威奇托市和塞奇威克县已经决定，他们需要一个清晰的框架，在这个框架内他们可以审查无线通信设施的
建议。在1999年8月17日，威奇托市和塞奇威克县保留了 Kreines＆Kreines公司，准备开始无线通信总体规划。
城市和县城习惯于准备计划，通常是一种综合规划的格式。综合规划通常是一个漫长的过程后编制的，包括目标的制定和目标设定。这一努力没有这种奢侈的时间：一个快速的规划过程是在该计划规定暂停期满之前尝试完成该计划。
作为规划过程的一部分，与社区和无线通信行业的代表进行了广泛的推广方案。社区在199年10月27日和1999年10月27日举办了研讨会。一位业内人士举行圆桌会议于1999年9月30日和行业简报于1999年10月27日。此外，问卷被送到行业的代表，并与个别行业的代表举行了会晤。经过在1999年9月23日的市会议、县委员会和MAPC的研讨会，审查由顾问编写的草案计划，一个城市，县工作队的工作人员被分配，来满足各利益相关方进一步修订和编写计划草案。这个城市县工作队通过2000年7月举行的1999年12月与这些利益相关者无数次的会议，并帮助塑造计划到当前版本。
左边列包含了在社区工作坊、行业圆桌会议和行业采访时列出的问题。右边列包含顾问的回答： 行业问题 无线行业要在审批过程有灵活性。 运营商们希望得到一个信号从一回答 该计划实现的灵活性，评论类型，设施类型和成果类型的选择是申请人 有到高大的“塔”的替代品，如果行个基地台，以及从手机中获得信号。为业不能考虑经济原因，公共部门应考虑了做到这一点，暂时无论如何，高“塔”为公众利益这个原因考虑。 是必要的。 无线业界认为，无线通信设备的网审查。 公民要求运营商：这个“塔”的建规划意味着要通过比较替代统一决定对社会最好的。 公共规划已在处理市场力量之前：站只能在一个案件逐案的基础上进行的标准，并决定哪一种选择是坚持公平设趋势要持续多久？无线行业的回答我们需要的是一个公共健康之间的平是它是以市场为驱动的事务和消费者衡，安全和福利，以及需要用最少的规的需求能力，运营商需要建立无线通信管迅速部署基础设施。 设施网站。 激烈的竞争要求运营商拥有的信的信息。 个别航空公司计划与地理位置的规划意味着创造，而不是精确的计 规划依赖于信息和不确定性，必须息很少，因此他们要得到公共部门泄露对未来的增长作出假设。 未来，围绕着它预见射频（RF）的范围划起草地图政策。正是无线通信设施置是通过图形化建模决定的。 于变得比一般位置不那么重要，它是如何选址在该位置以及它是如何设计的。 这些问题需要不冲突。对于平衡的探求，塞奇威克县和威奇托市的理事机构打算罢工，通过采纳这项计划来平衡。
三、无线通信总体规划的范围
什么是“塔”？
术语“塔”一般是用来形容所有无线通讯设施，有时是指只在高海拔地区级以上这些无线通讯设施。威奇托/塞奇威克县应避免对术语“塔”的使用，因为它的含义是不明确。“塔”有多高？“塔”能有多矮？“塔”能在建筑物的顶部吗？“塔”能在另一个“塔”的顶部吗？单级“塔”是什么？术语“无线通信设施”或“支持结构”应该被用来替代“塔”，因为他们能更清楚的指出无线通信技术部署的许多可能的方法。
B.保护服务
1996年电信法中704的位置保留在当地分区管理局接管安置中，建造和修正个人无线服务设施以及规定中的一些限制和保护由当地政府机关安置。这些限制和保护被列在附录C中。
这项计划旨在运用保护服务和未保护服务（如下所述）。这是一个好的练习，扩展同样的规划过程到各种形式的无线通讯。应该牢记以下未受保护的许多服务设施来用于共同保护的服务设施的位置。
C.未保护服务
1996年电信法704部分并不包括以下未受保护的服务。 1.广播系统
广播系统为AM/FM收音机和电视预计拟建议只有少数的战略地点贯穿威奇托/塞奇威克县地区。由于其高度的要求，广播设施的位置应尽量城市化地区以外和邻近机场及机场跑道以外的地区。
一旦现有的个人无线服务设施清点和映射，这些地区至少包括在现有的个人无线服务设施，可在某些情况下提供新的广播设施，同一地点的机会。未来的个人无线服务也可能在建立他们自己的新的设施之前寻求广播设施的位置。
2.公共服务与应急系统
威奇托/塞奇威克县和其他公共/政府机构不应该违反指引定位任何设施，这个指引即无线通信设施被关押在这个计划中。它发出了一个消极的消息，就是监管机构认为他们自己比以“公共安全”为名义的私人部门有更少的责任。
虽然塞奇威克县800兆赫无线电系统成功部署，但是系统可能会给他们自己目前增加新的挑战。未来的公共设施（如市/县调度，宽带无线微波等）在支持结构上应系统地规划，以便让其他无线通讯设备可以一起定位。
威奇托市联合学区的微波数据和电话系统也包括在“公共服务”类别中，并且很有可能有大量的机会在学校“塔”中为无线通信设施定位，为建造许多更多的新的无线通信设施，这个“塔”应该限制需要。
3.无线电缆系统
有一段时间，联邦通讯委员会发出的彩票多通道多点分布服务（MMDS系统）2 - GHz范围内加频谱（从2.1 GHz到任何地方2.8千兆赫）为电视服务的商业产品通过点对点，点对多点的系统，从中在一个建筑物或一个小范围内个人用户可以通过微波送达。这种“无线电缆”为电视服务的申请没有被广泛使用，因为其他媒体，包括直接广播卫星（DBS），提供更多有竞争力的价格的渠道。
然而，无线电缆是现在才得以实现其他应用程序。例如，固定电话和数据服务，可提供无线电缆。随着无线电缆的使用范围不断扩大，一些高支撑结构将寻求部署该系统。高支撑结构将需要为每个运营商服务，谁负责安装天线，发送和接收信号到多个最终用户的几个地点。在可能的情况，要求高的天线支持结构应与其他无线通信设备设在同一地点。在最终用户的位置，支持结构可能是一个小格子塔，一个人站在一边不大于18英寸，将在外观和功能方面与私人调度系统中使用的支持结构类似。
4. 私人调度系统
许多承包商和计程车有双向无线电的功能类似于个人无线服务。不同的是，大多数私人调度系统是非商业性的，也就是说，他们授权给一家公司，该公司的使用和不被共享，或出租给其他用户。这些公司通常是目前看到其许可的频率由联邦政府供拍卖，以“商业”无线通讯服务提供商的小型企业。
私人调度系统（业余“业余无线电爱好者”单选）应继续加以管制，从商业无线通信中分开。他们的目的是由FCC制定狭窄，其使用是真正的“附件”的许可证持有人。
对“附属用途”的统一分区法旨在申请须服务员到用户的收发器的网站。这个
定义应该仍然是可用：
● 私人调度系统
● 业余（业余无线电爱好者）无线电报务员的
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