全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷5 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题
单项选择题
1． The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ________ properties of language，and these properties can be studied from a
mathematically precise point of view．( )
A．lexical
B．grammatical C．semantic D．structural
正确答案：D
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第一大题第1小题考查过，主要考查乔姆斯基关于语言的定义特征。乔姆斯基关于语言的定义丝毫没有提及自然或非自然语言的交际功能，也没有提到语言成分的符号本质。它的目的是强调语言纯粹的
结构特征并且指出这种特征可以用精确的、数学的方法来加以分析研究。
2． We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language
and individual sounds within that range as ________． ( )
A．vowels B．consonants C．sounds
D．speech sounds
正确答案：D
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第一大题第2小题考查过，主要考查语言学家研究的语音的范围。语言学家并不是对所有的声音都感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音。这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限、但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都
叫做语音。
3． A(n) ________ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added． ( )
A．root B．stem C．affix
D．morpheme
正确答案：B
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第一大题第3小题考查过，主要考查词干的定义。派生词缀是为了构成新的单词而附加在已有单词上面的词缀。这是英语中最常见的创造新词的方法。这样的构词方法叫派生法，由派生法创造出来的新
词叫做派生词。被附加上派生词缀的那个业已存在的单词叫做词干。
4． All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees，and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ________ structure． ( )
A．linea
B．hierarchical C．constituent D．syntactic
正确答案：B
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第一大题第4小题考查过，主要考查成分结构树形图。语言中所有的句子不是通过词项的随意组合而构成的，而是遵从一套句法规则把语言成分按特定的顺序进行排列，从而使语言不仅具有一定的意
义，而且形成线性结构和层次结构。
5． In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n) ________ is a logical participant in a
predication，largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence． ( )
A．argument B．subject C．object D．predicate
正确答案：A
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第一大题第5小题考查过，主要考查句子语义分析中论元的概念。句子语义分析中的基本单位叫做述谓结构，即句子意义的抽象化。这一点适用于所有类型的句子，包括陈述句、祈使句和疑问句。述谓结构由论元和谓词组成，论元指的是述谓结构中的逻辑参与者，基本上等同于句
子中的名词部分。
6． When a ________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language，and children learn it as their first language，it becomes a creole． ( )
A．lingua franca B．contact language C．local language D．pidgin
正确答案：D 解析：本题主要考查洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语的关系。当一种洋泾浜语被某一人口群体采纳为他们的主要语言，并且儿童们也把它作为第一语言来学习的时
候，这种洋泾浜语就被称作克里奥尔语了。
7． The ________ approach was founded on the belief that it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the errors they would make by establishing the linguistic differences between the native
and target language systems． ( )
A．error analysis
B．contrastive analysis
C．componentional analysis
D．historical and comparative linguistics
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查对比分析方法的功能。对比分析方法的出现是因为人们相信，通过在本族语和目的语言系统之间建立起语言差别的对比，就可以预见学
习一种第二语言的人可能面对的困难和可能出现的错误。
8． A compound word consists of ________． ( ) A．two or more than two words B．two morphemes C．two root morphemes D．two or more morphemes
正确答案：A 解析：本题主要考查合成词的概念。一个合成词包括两个或两个以上的单词。 9． In some sense the existence of taboo words stimulates the creation of
________，serving as substitutes for the offensive language． ( )
A．euphemisms
B．taboo expressions C．address terms D．slang terms
正确答案：A
解析：本题主要考查禁忌语和委婉语的关系。在一定意义上，禁忌语的存在
促成了委婉语的产生，因为委婉语可以作为禁忌语言的礼貌的较好的替代品。
10． When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its
conceptualizing system，we say it is used for ________ communication． ( )
A．intrapersonal B．interpersonal C．individual D．textual
正确答案：A 解析：本题主要考查概念化体系对单词的作用。当通过概念化体系把一个单
词用作思考的媒介，我们说这个单词被用作自我交流的手段。
填空题
11． Human capacity for language has a g________ basis，but the details of
language have to be taught and learned．
正确答案：genetic 解析：本题主要考查人类的语言能力。尽管人类的语言能力有一定的遗传基
础，但是语言的细节却必须通过教和学才可以得以完成。
12． If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use，it is said to be d________．
正确答案：descriptive 解析：本题主要考查描述性语言学的概念。如果一种语言学的研究是对人们
实际使用中的语言进行描述和分析，那么这种研究就是描述性的。
13． P________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language．
正确答案：phonology 解析：本题主要考查音位学的主要研究内容。音位学感兴趣的是某一特定语
言中的语音系统。
14． F________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves．
正确答案：Free
解析：本题主要考查自由语素的定义。自由语素是独立的、可以自由使用的
意义单位。
15． In a tree diagram，the points at which the tree branches at various levels are called b________ nodes．
正确答案：branching
解析：本题主要考查树形图中分叉点(branchingnodes)的概念。在一个树形图
中，能够产生出各级分支的这些点叫做分叉点。
16． All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the satne purpose
or the same i________ point，but they differ in their strength or force．
正确答案：illocutionary 解析：本题在2008年下半年真题第二大题第16小题考查过，主要考查言外行为的特点与性质。所有属于同一类型的言外行为都有着相同的目的或言外之
力，但它们在力量上有差别。
17． The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [1] ．Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e________．
正确答案：epenthesis 解析：本题在2008年下半年真题第二大题第17小题考查过，主要考查插入音(epenthesis)的概念。单词“spindle”中的[d]是在两个相邻的音[n]和[l]中插入进
来的一个音，两个相邻的音被一个插入成分分隔开的音变过程被称为插入音。
18． Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g________ and socially．The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or
group do not necessarily spread to another．
正确答案：geographically 解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第二大题第18小题考查过，主要考查方言的多样性。当人们被不同的地域和社会区分开来时，方言的多样性就形成了。这个发生在一个区域或一个社会团体中的口语中的变化并不一定会扩展到其他的
区域或团体。
19． Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the
l________ hemisphere of the brain．
正确答案：left 解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第二大题第19小题考查过，主要考查语言
功能的侧化现象。语言功能的侧化现象主要发生在大脑的左半球。
20． For the vast majority of children，language development occurs
spontaneously and requires little conscious i________ on the part of adults．
正确答案：instruction 解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第二大题第20小题考查过，主要考查儿童的语言发展。对绝大多数儿童而言，语言发展是自然发生的，几乎不需要成年人
有意识的教学。
判断题
21． ( )Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds． A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题主要考查音位学和语音学的共同点。音位学和语音学都是对语音
的研究。
22． ( )The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language． A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查语素的定义。(Morpheme is the smallest mean ingful unit of
language．)语素是语音中最小的有意义的单位。
23． ( )Some languages have ways of referring to sone entity，some languages don’t．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B
解析：本题主要考查所有语言的一个共同点。(All of the languages have ways
of referring to some entity．)所有的语言都拥有自己的方式来指代某些实体。
24． ( )Reference is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B
解析：本题主要考查意义(sense)在词典编纂中的作用。(Sense is the aspect of
meaning dictionary compilers are interested in．)意义是词典编纂者感兴趣的。
25． ( )A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon，and phonology．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A
解析：本题主要考查言外行为(a locutionary act)的概念和含义。言外行为是
通过句法、词汇和音位等手段来表达字面意义的行为。
26． ( )All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same
purpose or the same illocutionary point．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2005年下半年真题第三大题第26小题考查过，主要考查言外
行为(illocutionary act)的性质。言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中所完成的行为。属于同一类别的言外行为有着相同的目的，或者相同的言外
之力。
27． ( )Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme
from another language and adds it to its lexicon．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2005年下半年真题第三大题第27小题考查过，主要考查借词(borrowing)使用的场合和条件。借词发生在一个语言需要从其他语言借用词或语
素，并将其添加到它的词汇里面。
28． ( )It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2005年下半年真题第三大题第28小题考查过，主要考查所有语言都应该具有同等的地位。(We cannot say that one variety of language is better than any other variety．The designation of the standard language variety has nothing to do with any supposed linguistic superiority．)从语言作为交际的有效手段的角度来看，在同一语言中没有哪一种语言变体比另外一种语言更正确、更逻辑、更纯正——不论它是标准语还是非标准语。一种语言的所有方言在表达思想方面具有
同等的效力。
29． ( )Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2005年下半年真题第三大题第29小题考查过，主要考查人类的语言能力。(Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of the human brain，for other mammals also have vocal cords．)人类的语言能力并不主要依赖于我们声带的结构，因为其他的哺乳动物也有声带。例如，鸟类就可以发出许多人类语音体系总存中所能发出的声音。实际上，人类的语言才能大体
上取决于人类大脑的结构及其动力学特征。
30． ( )According to Behaviorist learning theory，children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their“bad”
speech gets correeted and when their good speech gets positively reinforced．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2005年下半年真题第三大题第30小题考查过，主要考查斯金纳的行为主义语言习得理论。斯金纳行为主义语言习得理论认为，儿童能够逐渐地习得他们语言社区里正确的语言表达方式，因为他们正确的语言表达能够得到
认可和强化，而错误的表达会及时得到纠正。
名词解释
31． descriptive linguistics
正确答案：Descriptive linguistics refers to the linguistic study which aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use in communication．Modern
linguistics is mostly descriptive．
32． case condition
正确答案：Case condition is one of the principles of Universal Grammar，which states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other．This condition explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object，such as the ungrammatical sentence“John read quickly the book．”
33． synonymy
正确答案：Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning．The
relations between lorry and truck，room and chamber are examples of synonymy．
34． predication
正确答案：Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence．It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of a sentence．A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate．For example，the predication of the sentence“Tom smokes．”can be said to consist of the argument“TOM”and the predicate“SMOKE” and the
predication can be written as TOM (SMOKE)．
35． slang
正确答案：Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary，typically of arbitrary,flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness．The central characteristic of a slang comes from the motive for its use：a desire for
novelty，for vivid emphasis，for membership in a particular group or class of people whose“community argot” may be incomprehensible to an outsider，or for being up with the times or a little ahead．For example，crib-cheat in students’slang，contract
—order to kill someone．
36． cerebral cortex
正确答案：Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain，the decision-making organ of the body，receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions．Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals，such as sophisticated reasoning，linguistic skills，and musical
ability，are believed to reside in the cortex．
37． internal borrowing
正确答案：Internal borrowing refers to a kind of change which can be thought of as“economy of memory”and which results in reduction of the number of exceptional
or irregular morphemes．
38． subvocal speech
正确答案：Subvocal speech is a term used to refer to thought when thought and
language are identical or closely parallel to each other．
39． contrastive analysis
正确答案：Contrastive analysis refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner’s first language and prepare the
type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference．
40． instrumental motivation
正确答案：Motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learners’overall goal or orientation．Some learners learn a second language in order to use it functionally，i．e．，to use it as an instrument for the purpose of，for instance，securing a desirable job or passing an important examination．Thus instrumental
motivation occurs when the learners’goal is functional．
论述题
41． The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features．Discuss the main suprasegmental features，
illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning．
正确答案：The main features include stress，tone and intonation．Stress refers to both word stress and sentence stress．The shift of stress changes the meaning or the part of speech of a word and the meaning of a sentence．Tone refers to the pitch variation which is an important feature for some languages called tone languages，such as Chinese．Intonation is especially important in a language like English．The three most frequently used intonations are the fall，the rise and the fall-rise．The falling intonation conveys a straight-forward fact；the rising intonation indicates a
question；and the fall-rise intonation always conveys some implication．
42． Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English，and give at least
two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription．
正确答案：The great vowel shift is the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds．It occurred at the end of the Middle English period，approximately between 1400 and 1600．It is a major change in the history of English that led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes，that is，between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English．The great vowel shift involves seven long，or tense vowels of Middle English．Some examples are given below in phonetic
transcription．
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