全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷4 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题
单项选择题
1． ________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages． ( )
A．Phonology B．Phonetics C．Morphology D．Phonemics
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查语音学的主要研究对象。语音学的主要研究对象是世界
上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
2． ________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the
phoneticians in their study of speech sounds． ( )
A．Broad B．Detailed C．Wide D．Narrow
正确答案：D 解析：本题主要考查严式标音法。严式标音法才真正是语言学家们在对语音
的研究中所需要和使用的标音方法。
3． A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ________ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed，or grammatical sequences． ( )
A．speeches B．utterances C．events D．sentences
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查语法理论所引起的作用。语法理论必须要给说话人认为
明显属于合格句或者说是合乎语法的句子提供话语特征描述。
4． Semantics can be defined as the study of ________． ( ) A．naming B．meaning
C．communication D．context
正确答案：B
解析：本题主要考查语义学的定义。语义学可以定义为对语言意义的研究。 5． ________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language． ( )
A．Speaking B．Speech C．Sound D．Spoken
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查言语行为理论在语用学研究中的地位。言语行为理论是
语用学研究中的一个重要理论。
6． The illocutionary point of ________ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality． ( )
A．directives B．declarations C．commissives D．representatives
正确答案：B 解析：本题主要考查宣告类言语的言外行为的特点。宣告类言语的言外行为
的特点是：此类行为的顺利实施使得客观现实与所表达的命题内容相一致。
7． Old English had a rich case-ending system，e．g．，Old English noun had four cases，i．e．，nominative，genitive，dative and ________． ( )
A．possessive B．vocative C．accusative D．locative
正确答案：C 解析：本题主要考查古英语格的标记系统形式。古英语有着丰富的格的标记系统。例如：古英语中名词有四种格的表示形式，即主格、属格、与格和宾格。
8． ________ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity
and appropriate for use in particular speech situations． ( )
A．Social B．Ethnic
C．Regional D．Situational
正确答案：D
解析：本题主要考查语言的情景变体的特性。语言的情景变体的特性是：它
是一种特定的语言活动，是与一定交际情景相适应的语言变体。
9． Lying under the skull，the human brain contains an average of ten billion
nerve cells called ________． ( )
A．nerve fibers B．nerves C．neurons
D．cerebral cortex
正确答案：C
解析：本题主要考查人的大脑的知识。人的大脑位于头盖骨之下，平均包括
100亿个被称为神经元的神经细胞。
10． By the time children are going beyond the ________ stage，they begin to
incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes． ( )
A．telegraphic B．multiword C．two-word D．one-word
正确答案：A 解析：本题主要考查儿童言语习得阶段的特点。儿童经过了电报式言语习得
阶段之后，他们就开始吸收并使用屈折语素。
填空题
11． D________ linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time．It studies the historical development of language over a period of time．For example，a study 0f the changes English has undergone since the
time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study．
正确答案：Diachronic
解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第二大题第11小题考查过，主要考查语言的历时性研究。语言存在于时间之中并随着时间而发展变化着。对随时间的推移而发生变化的语言所作的描述，叫做历时性研究。历时性研究属于历史性的研究，它所研究的是语言经过一定时间阶段所发生的历史变化。如对莎士比亚以来语言
所发生的变化的研究，就属于历时性研究。
12． The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order
to form words．The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word，end a word，and follow each other，in other words，there are s________ rules
that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language．
正确答案：sequential 解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第二大题第12小题考查过，主要考查语音的序列规则。在某种特定的语言里确实存在着一些规则制约着声音的组合。这些规则就是所谓的序列规则。一种特殊语言里的声音组合方式是由规则来制约的，与之相关的音位系统决定着该使用什么样的音位作为一个单词的开头、结尾、或
者相互之间的顺序。
13． As the first step of their scientific investigation of language，linguists have
to observe and collect linguistic f________ before they can do anything else．
正确答案：facts
解析：本题在2003年下半年真题第二大题第11小题考查过，主要考查语言的科学调查研究。当语言学家们在对语言进行科学的调查研究的第一步时，他们
必须在其他事之前注意和收集语言事实。
14． Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences．It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i________ linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence．
正确答案：internalized 解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第二大题第14小题考查过，主要考查句法学中的句法规则。句法学是语法的重要组成部分，它由一套抽象的规则组成，这些规则能够使词相互结合构成合乎语法的句子。当一个句子符合操本族语者头脑中的语法知识时，它就被认为是合乎语法的。句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被
称为语言能力。
15． Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the
lexical items are called r________ opposites．
正确答案：relational 解析：本题在2010年下半年真题第二大题第15小题考查过，主要考查关系反义词的概念。成对反义词的词项间如果存在逆转关系，就可以叫做关系反义词。
16． R________ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world；it is a matter
of the relationship between form and the reality．
正确答案：Reference
解析：本题主要考查所指的概念。所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，
它讨论的是形式和现实之间的关系。
17． Language is a system of a________ vocal symbols used for human communication．
正确答案：arbitrary 解析：本题主要考查语言的定义。语言是用于人类交际目的的一套武断的有
声符号系统。
18． Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which
contains a f________ verb or a verb phrase．
正确答案：finite
解析：本题主要考查一个句子的成分内容。通常情况下，一个句子至少包括
主语和谓语，谓语包含限定动词或动词词组。
19． Linguistic change occurs in all c________ of the grammar．
正确答案：components 解析：本题主要考查语言系统的变化。语言系统的变化遍及语法范畴所有的
组成部分。
20． Stops，fricatives，affricates，liquids，and glides all have some degree of
o________ and are therefore consonants．
正确答案：obstruction
解析：本题主要考查辅音。爆破音、擦音、破擦音、流音和滑音都有某种程
度的阻碍作用，因此，它们属于辅音。
判断题
21． ( )According to Chomsky，a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A
解析：本题主要考查乔姆斯基的观点。乔姆斯基认为，说话者已经把有关他母语的规则体系内化了，这使得他可以创造出和理解无限多的句子并能够辨别出
那些不合乎语法和有歧义的句子。
22． ( )Stress is exclusively used with words，not with sentences． A．正确
B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2006年下半年真题第三大题第22小题考查过，主要考查重音。
(Stress applies to both words and sentences．)重音既适用于单词也适用于句子。
23． ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen
between its components，or as two separate words．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2006年下半年真题第三大题第23小题考查过，主要考查复合词(compound)的形式。一个复合词可以写成一个词，组成部分之间可以不带连字
符，也可以带连字符，也可以写成两个独立的词。
24． ( )Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2006年下半年真题第三大题第24小题考查过，主要考查词类
的特点。词类是开放的，可以不断增加的。
25． ( )Sense and reference refer to the same thing in meaning study． A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第三大题第25小题考查过，主要考查意义和所指的关系。(Sense and reference are two related but different aspects of meaning．Sense is abstract and decontextualized，while reference refers to the real。physical world．)意义和所指是意义的两个相关却不同的方面，意义是抽象的，
游离于语境之外的，但所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物。
26． ( )Searl thought that in making conversation，the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第三大题第26小题考查过，主要考查保罗.格赖斯关于合作原则的论述。(It’s Paul Grice’s view，not Searl．)保罗.格赖斯
认为：在会话中，参与会话的人首先得愿意合作。
27． ( )The word knight once meant“youth”，but was elevated in meaning
in time for the age of chivalry．This is an example of semantic shift．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A
解析：本题在2007年下半年真题第三大题第27小题考查过，主要考查“knight”这个词的词义的变化。单词“knight”以前的意思是“年青、青春”，但随着时间的发展，这个词的意思变成“骑士时代”，这一现象属于语义演变。
28． ( )In sociolinguistics，taboo denotes any prohibition on the use of
particular lexical items to refer to objects or acts．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A
解析：本题主要考查禁忌语的概念。在社会语言学中，禁忌语指对一些特定的东西或事物不能用某个词或某些话来表达，说出来就可能引起听话人的不快和
反感。
29． ( )The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of，and responds
to signals from，the right side of the body．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：B 解析：本题在2008年下半年真题第三大题第29小题考查过，主要考查左右大脑对来自身体的信号是如何做出反应的。(In general，the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of，and responds to signals from，the left side of the body whereas the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of，and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．)总的来说，右半球控制着身体左侧的随意运动并对来自身体左侧的信号做出反应，而左半球则控制着身体右侧的随意活
动并对来自身体右侧的信亏做出反应。
30． ( )Language acquisition is mainly the acquisition of the grammatical system of language．
A．正确 B．错误
正确答案：A 解析：本题在2008年下半年真题第三大题第30小题考查过，主要考查语言
习得的对象。语言的习得主要是对于语言的语法系统的习得。
名词解释
31． broad transcription
正确答案：Broad transcription is one of the two ways to transcribe speech sounds with letter symbols only．This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries
and teaching textbooks．For example，field [fi：ld]，put [pot]，stop [stDp]．
32． bound morpheme
正确答案：Bound morphemes are morphemes that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word．such as“tele-”in telephone．“semi-”in semifinal．
33． perlocutionary act
正确答案：A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something；it is the consequence of the change brought about by the utterance．For example，the perlocutionary act of“You have left the door wide open”can be the
hearer’s closing the window or his refusal to comply with the request．
34． clipping
正确答案：Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or
phrases．For example，e-mail(electronic mail)，hi-fi(high fidelity)．
35． fossilization
正确答案：Fossilization is a process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features such as an accent or a grammatical pattern become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target
language．
36． formal instruction
正确答案：Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise 1earners’consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid
learning．Generally speaking，formal instruction aids second language acquision．
37． sentence meaning
正确答案：Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication．It is ab stract and decontextualized．For example，semantic
analysis of the sentence meaning of“The bag is heavy”results in the one-place
predication BAG (BEING HEAVY)．
38． cooperative principle
正确答案：The Cooperative Principle was proposed by a logician and philosopher，Paul Grice．His idea is that in making conversation，the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate；otherwise，it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk．To be more specific，there are four maxims under this general principle：the maxim of quantity，the maxim of quality，the maxim of relation，and
the maxim of manner．
39． language planning
正确答案：Language planning means that certain authorities，such as the government or government agency of a country choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it，including its pronunciation and spelling systems，across regional
boundaries．
40． psycholinguistics
正确答案：Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind．As the term suggests，it is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics，drawing equally upon the language we acquire，produce and comprehend，and the mind or brain in which our linguistic and cognitive faculties are localized and
organized，and interact with each other in particular ways．
论述题
41． Explain the term“euphemism”with examples．Describe the use of
euphemisms in social communication．What will result in euphemistic cliches?
正确答案：A euphemism is a mild，indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh，unpleasantly direct，or offensive．Euphemism and taboo are two faces of the same communication coin．In this sense，a euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subject．For example，people say“portly”or“full-figured”instead of“fast”，“inexpensive”instead of“cheap”．In the English-speaking world，people do not“die”，but“pass away”．or to use an idiomatic expression，they only“kick the bucket”．The use of euphemisms as a way of disassociating the denotative meaning of a word with its negative connotation is effective，at least to speakers of certain social groups．As long as there is a need to avoid the use of taboo language，there is a need for the use of euphemistic substitutes．And euphemisms have constituted an indispensable part of speakers’
“polite”vocabulary in their social communication．However，an excessive use of euphemisms may have negative effects，and will result in euphemistic cliches that are
to be avoided in formal speech and writing．
42． What is the goal of sociolinguistics?
正确答案：Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts．In view of language as a primary means of communication among individual speakers of a society，sociolinguists are concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities including regional，ethnic and social groups．Sociolinguists are also concerned with the influence of extralingnistic
factors on language use，such as age，gender，profession，and social statue．
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