1、词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
二、名词:
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population,
information .
2、英语可数名词、不可数名词
英语中的名词指的是一种抽象的或者具体的事物,它有可数和不可数之分。所谓可数名词指的就是在数量上可以计数,可以数出数量的事物;所谓不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西。
可数名词在他之前可以加上冠词a/an。而不可数名词前面是不可以直接家冠词的。可数名词变为复数形式有如下变化规律:
a.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音:清辅音后读[s],浊辅音和 元音后读[z]。 b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。
c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。
d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。 其中也有一些特例,如:chief—chiefs,belief—beliefs,roof—roofs,proof—proofs。 e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情况
1)有生命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes 2) 无生命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios
f. 不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people。 另外,还有一部分名词单复数同形,如:
fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊, Swiss瑞士人,Chinese中国人,Japanese 日本人 “某国人”的复数有三种类型:
(1)Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 三国人单数复数同形,不需加s; (2)Englishman, Frenchman, Dutchman复数要把 man 变为men;
(3)其他各国人以–an, -ian收尾的均直接加s。如:Americans, Australians, Indians等。 可依照这个口诀记忆:中日不变,英法变,其他”s”加后面。
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,一般需要将其量化。
不可数名词如何量化:就是在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+of”,比如: a piece of bread( paper(纸), cloth(布), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), , meat(肉) )
an item of information 一则情报 a slip of paper 一张纸条 a length of cloth 一段布料 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 等。 当量词可数,且前面的数词大于一时,量词需要用复数形式, 如two bottles of water 两瓶水 two pieces of paper 两张纸 等;
同时,可数名词也有相应用法,如:a box of apples 一箱苹果 six boxes of apples 六箱苹果 等。
上面提到的可数名词和不可数名词并不是一成不变的。英文中的很多词都是一词多义,名词也不例外,同是一个词在一种情况下是可数名词,而在另一种场合却是不可数名词, 如:可数名词: a tin 一只罐头 a relation 亲属 an iron 一把熨斗 a democracy民主国家 a glass 一只玻璃杯 a beauty美人,美的东西 A wood 一片树林 a power 不可数名词: tin 锡 relation 关系 Iron 铁 democracy民主 glass 玻璃 beauty 美 Wood 木头 power威力,电力。
我们讨论名词的落脚点在,当名词充当主语时,谓语动词在人称、数等方面必须与其保持一致--即\"主谓一致性\"的问题。
注意:1.某些名词常以复数形式出现,谓语动词用复数,如:clothes,goods(商品,货物),papers(文件),arms(武器)
2.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上却是单数,但是谓语动词有时却用复数。如: trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤 glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips剪子
上面这些单词在单独出现时谓语动词用复数形式,但是当强调一双是谓语动词则用单数,如: The black gloves are hers。这黑色手套是她的。 This pair of black gloves is hers 。这双黑色手套是她的。
3.除此之外,还有一些单词看起来是复数形式,其实本身并不是复数。如:works(工厂),maths 数学,news 新闻,physics物理。
4.复合名词的复数变化
复合名词是指两个名词直接连接在一起构成的复合词,用法简洁,可以被看成是一种固定形式,有些中间有连字符,有些则没有。如:
Blood type 血型 winter clothes 冬装 dinner table 餐桌 room number房间号码 等等,这些词的复数变化都比较有规则,一般直接把末尾的单词变成复数即可,但是一下几种形式需注意。
A.把复合词中的主体变复数。如:
a son in law sons in law 女婿 a passer-by passers-by 路人 如果没有主体,则在词尾加-s。如:
a grown-up grown-ups 成年人 a go-between go- betweens 中间人 B.分开写的,一般在词尾加-s。如:
a boy student boy students 男学生 a girl friend girl friends 女朋友. 但是如果第一部分为man,woman的,两部分都变复数,如:
a man teacher men teachers 男老师 a woman doctor women doctors 女医生 C.数词+名词做定语(定语名词)时,这个名词通常保留单数形式。如: two- year- old boy 两岁大的男孩 a ten-mile walk 十公里路
但是有时也可以这样表达,a ten miles’ walk,这时候仅限一部分定语名词。
3、名词所有格
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)注意,在表达母亲节(五月的第二个周日)或者父亲节(六月的第三个周日)的时候,用mother’s day 和 father’s day。因为对于每个人来说,父亲,母亲只有一个。
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如: today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如:a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). 2、[注解]:
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所) ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽
丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我
父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: 1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词
用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:
There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.
(这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,
谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:
Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) 13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名
词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多
少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
14、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;
fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
15、people、person的区别,people是集合名词,单独出现时表示两个或两个以上的人,
它的单数形式是person,表示一个人用a person,但这个时候指不分性别,若要指男人或者女人时,应该用a man 和a woman。一般只有比较正式的文书上用a person ,two persons ,some persons。一般表达多人用people,20 people等。People也可以表示种族或者民族的意思,这时people是可数的,一个种族是a people,两个种族用two peoples。
例题解析:
1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.
2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges
解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。
3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home . A. 25 minutes’ walk B. 25 minute’s walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk
解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+’,而不能+s,因此选A。 4. An old _______ wants to see you.
A. people B. person C. the people D. the person
解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”, “两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。 5. Help yourself to __________.
A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples
解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。 6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.
A. room’s number B. rooms’ number C. room numbers D. rooms’ numbers
解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher,
two bus drivers 等. 应选C。
7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________. A. family B. house C. home D. room
解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C. 8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peter’s B. Mary and Peter
C. Mary’s and Peter D. Mary’s and Peter’s
解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。 9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.
A. her uncle B. her uncle’s C. her uncles D. aunt’s
解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.
因此选B。
10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience
解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。
11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.
A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister’s 解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。
12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen
解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.
13.The team ________ having a meeting .
A. is B. are C. am D. be 解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。
14. “Would you like _________?” “________, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees
C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees 解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用„of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示 “一杯”.因此选C。
15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.
A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions
C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions 解析:earth 是不可数名词,因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。
练习与巩固:熟能生巧 选择最佳答案:
1. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young. ---OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's C. my mother's and father's D.my father's and my mother 2. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class 3. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.
A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 4. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.
A.half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D.an hour and a half 5. --- What would you like to drink, girls? --- _________, please.
A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C.Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees 6. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs 7. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.
A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's 8. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.
A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors' 9.--- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two ___________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 10. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise 11. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.
A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes's D. minutes 12. Which is the ________ to the post office?
A. street B. way C. road D. address 13. I stayed at ________ last Sunday.
A. my uncles B. my uncles' C. my uncle's D. my uncle's family 14. Maths ________ not easy to learn.
A. are B. is C. am D. were 15. They like Chinese _____. A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people 16. Lucy and I go to school _____ every day.
A. on feet B. on foot C. by foots D. by buses
17. –Are those _____? -No, they aren’t. They’re _____.
A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow D. sheeps; cows 18.A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there. A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen D. Germans; Frenchmans 19. The tall man with a big nose is _______ teacher. A. Tom and Carl B. Tom’s and Carl’s C. Tom and Carl’s D. Tom’s and Carl
20. Mr. Lin often gives us _______ by e-mail. (2000上海) A. some good information B. some good informations C. good informations D. a good information
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